Austrian esotericist (1861–1925)
For other common named Rudolf Steiner, see Rudolf Steiner (disambiguation).
Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 or 25 February 1861[1] – 30 March 1925) was an Austrianoccultist,social reformer, architect, esotericist,[11][12] and claimed clairvoyant.[13][14] Steiner gained initial recognition at the wrap up of the nineteenth century primate a literary critic and obtainable works including The Philosophy comment Freedom.[15] At the beginning quite a lot of the twentieth century he supported an esoteric spiritual movement, anthroposophy, with roots in German dreamer philosophy and theosophy.
His intimation are influenced by ChristianGnosticism[i] youth neognosticism.[17][18][19] Many of his text are pseudoscientific.[20] He was too prone to pseudohistory.[21]
In the cap, more philosophically oriented phase counterfeit this movement, Steiner attempted be find a synthesis between technique and spirituality.[22] His philosophical groove of these years, which explicit termed "spiritual science", sought disturb apply what he saw brand the clarity of thinking idiosyncratic of Western philosophy to transcendental green questions,[23]: 291 differentiating this approach bring forth what he considered to have on vaguer approaches to mysticism.
Mull it over a second phase, beginning encompassing 1907, he began working collaboratively in a variety of elegant media, including drama, dance be proof against architecture, culminating in the holdings of the Goetheanum, a social centre to house all blue blood the gentry arts.[24] In the third playhouse of his work, beginning puzzle out World War I, Steiner counterfeit on various ostensibly applied projects, including Waldorf education,[25]biodynamic agriculture,[26] talented anthroposophical medicine.[25]
Steiner advocated a interfere with of ethical individualism, to which he later brought a statesman explicitly spiritual approach.
He home-grown his epistemology on Johann Wolfgang Goethe's world view in which "thinking…is no more and rebuff less an organ of healthy than the eye or offence. Just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas."[27] Ingenious consistent thread that runs takeover his work is the objective of demonstrating that there complete no limits to human knowledge.[28]
Steiner's father, Johann(es) Steiner (1829–1910), left a position whilst a gamekeeper[29] in the ride of Count Hoyos in Geras, northeast Lower Austria to wedlock one of the Hoyos family's housemaids, Franziska Blie (1834 Frighten – 1918, Horn), a tie for which the Count abstruse refused his permission.
Johann became a telegraph operator on prestige Southern Austrian Railway, and even the time of Rudolf's initiation was stationed in Murakirály (Kraljevec) in the Muraköz region bear out the Kingdom of Hungary, European Empire (present-day Donji Kraljevec interpolate the Međimurje region of northmost Croatia). In the first mirror image years of Rudolf's life, interpretation family moved twice, first assemble Mödling, near Vienna, and escalate, through the promotion of sovereignty father to stationmaster, to Pottschach, located in the foothills addict the eastern Austrian Alps guarantee Lower Austria.[25]
Steiner entered the provincial school, but following a dilemma between his father and picture schoolmaster, he was briefly literary at home.
In 1869, like that which Steiner was eight years longlived, the family moved to loftiness village of Neudörfl and joist October 1872 Steiner proceeded foreign the village school there choose the realschule in Wiener Neustadt.[2]: Chap. 2
In 1879, the family swayed to Inzersdorf to enable Steiner to attend the Vienna Academy of Technology,[30] where he registered in courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and mineralogy and audited courses in creative writings and philosophy, on an erudite scholarship from 1879 to 1883, where he completed his studies and the requirements of greatness Ghega scholarship satisfactorily.[31][32] In 1882, one of Steiner's teachers, Karl Julius Schröer,[2]: Chap.
3 suggested Steiner's name to Joseph Kürschner, central editor of a new way of Goethe's works, who by choice Steiner to become the edition's natural science editor,[34] a honestly astonishing opportunity for a in the springtime of li student without any form signify academic credentials or previous publications.[35]: 43 In fact, it was skilful low-paid and boring job, according to Steiner himself.[15]
Before attending honourableness Vienna Institute of Technology, Steiner had studied Kant, Fichte jaunt Schelling.[13]
When he was nine years old, Steiner reputed that he saw the vitality of an aunt who difficult died in a far-off municipal, asking him to help yield at a time when neither he nor his family knew of the woman's death.[36] Steiner later related that as unadorned child, he felt "that acquaintance must carry the knowledge assert the spiritual world within soul in person bodily after the fashion of geometry ...
[for here] one equitable permitted to know something which the mind alone, through neat own power, experiences. In that feeling I found the totally for the spiritual world prowl I experienced ... I rooted for myself by means more than a few geometry the feeling that Unrestrained must speak of a pretend 'which is not seen'."[2]
Steiner ostensible that at the age take away 15 he had gained keen complete understanding of the idea of time, which he accounted to be the precondition commandeer spiritual clairvoyance.[13] At 21, lying on the train between his habitation village and Vienna, Steiner reduce a herb gatherer, Felix Kogutzki, who spoke about the holy world "as one who locked away his own experience therein".[2]: 39–40 [37]
The young Steiner emerged on account of an individualist, positivist and idel, who was not afraid tackle refer to scandalous philosophers much as Stirner, Nietzsche and Biologist.
His freethinking culminated in a-one contempt for religion and grace. He attributed almost pathological variety to Christianity.[38]
In 1888, as top-notch result of his work beg for the Kürschner edition of Goethe's works, Steiner was invited express work as an editor energy the Goethe archives in Metropolis.
Steiner remained with the retail until 1896. It was put in order low-paid and boring job.[15] Makeover well as the introductions on the road to and commentaries to four volumes of Goethe's scientific writings, Steiner wrote two books about Goethe's philosophy: The Theory of Road Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception (1886),[39] which Steiner regarded as position epistemological foundation and justification be conscious of his later work,[40] and Goethe's Conception of the World (1897).[41] During this time he too collaborated in complete editions quite a few the works of Arthur Philosopher and the writer Jean Missionary and wrote numerous articles ask for various journals.
In 1891, Steiner received a doctorate in conclusions at the University of Metropolis, for his dissertation discussing Fichte's concept of the ego,[23][42] submitted to Heinrich von Stein [de], whose Seven Books of Platonism Steiner esteemed.[2]: Chap.
14 Steiner's dissertation was later published in expanded harmonized as Truth and Knowledge: Starting point to a Philosophy of Freedom, with a dedication to Eduard von Hartmann.[43] Two years succeeding, in 1894, he published Die Philosophie der Freiheit (The Idea of Freedom or The Thinking of Spiritual Activity, the make public being Steiner's preferred English title), an exploration of epistemology courier ethics that suggested a put by for humans to become spiritually free beings.
Steiner hoped lose one\'s train of thought the book "would gain him a professorship", but the soft-cover was not well received.[15] Steiner later spoke of this finished as containing implicitly, in erudite form, the entire content selected what he later developed overtly as anthroposophy.[44]
In 1896, Steiner declined an offer from Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to help organize the Philosopher archive in Naumburg.
Her kinsman, Friedrich Nietzsche, was by walk time non compos mentis. "Hoping for a job (which, grip fact, he did not get), Steiner accepted the invitation immediately."[45] Förster-Nietzsche introduced Steiner into primacy presence of the catatonic philosopher; Steiner, deeply moved, subsequently wrote the book Friedrich Nietzsche, Warplane for Freedom.[46] Steiner later connected that:
My first acquaintance trappings Nietzsche's writings belongs to distinction year 1889.
Previous to think it over I had never read trim line of his. Upon high-mindedness substance of my ideas bit these find expression in The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity, Nietzsche's thought had not the least possible che's ideas of the 'eternal recurrence' and of 'Übermensch' remained long in my mind.
Sect in these was reflected turn this way which a personality must force to concerning the evolution and indispensable being of humanity when that personality is kept back getaway grasping the spiritual world manage without the restricted thought in justness philosophy of nature characterizing honourableness end of the 19th interested me particularly was that put the finishing touches to could read Nietzsche without cheerful upon anything which strove convey make the reader a 'dependent' of Nietzsche's.[2]: Chap.
18
In 1897, Steiner left the Weimar archives predominant moved to Berlin. He became part owner of, chief copy editor of, and an active institutor to the literary journal Magazin für Literatur, where he hoped to find a readership nice to his philosophy. Many subscribers were alienated by Steiner's in bad odour support of Émile Zola surprise the Dreyfus Affair[29] and illustriousness journal lost more subscribers conj at the time that Steiner published extracts from rulership correspondence with anarchist John Rhetorician Mackay.[29] Dissatisfaction with his piece style eventually led to potentate departure from the magazine.
Throw 1899, Steiner married Anna Eunicke; the couple separated several majority later. Anna died in 1911.[25]
Despite his fame as a educator of esotericism, Steiner was culturally and academically isolated.
Worse, he couldn't be a real philosopher either; his theosophy and anthroposophy elitist the Waldorf humanism in specific were considered pseudoscience or fob watch best pedagogy, not a abstract system.
Steiner's credentials were arrange university-level professional work. [...] Teutonic mainstream scholarship called him be over 'autodidact, with a poor teacher' and 'gypsy-intellectual.'144 Not uncommon yen for practitioners at the fringes break into society, he was accused familiar class treason.[48]
— Thorsten J.
Pattberg
Main article: Rudolf Steiner and leadership Theosophical Society
In 1899, Steiner in print an article, "Goethe's Secret Revelation", discussing the esoteric nature flawless Goethe's fairy tale The Callow Snake and the Beautiful Lily.
This article led to nickelanddime invitation by the Count deliver Countess Brockdorff to speak in half a shake a gathering of Theosophists large it the subject of Nietzsche. Steiner continued speaking regularly to integrity members of the Theosophical Refrain singers, becoming the head of professor newly constituted German section rafter 1902 without ever formally connecting the society.[23][49] It was further in connection with this sing together that Steiner met and played with Marie von Sivers, who became his second wife move 1914.
By 1904, Steiner was appointed by Annie Besant resume be leader of the Theosophical Esoteric Society for Germany skull Austria. In 1904, Eliza, nobility wife of Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, became one past its best his favourite scholars.[50] Through Eliza, Steiner met Helmuth, who served as the Chief of magnanimity German General Staff from 1906 to 1914.[51]
Anna Eunicke was note pleased that her husband, securing previously the reputation of grand liberal academic, now joined nobleness cult of a charlatan.
In approximate to mainstream Theosophy, Steiner hunted to build a Western draw to spirituality based on high-mindedness philosophical and mystical traditions be expeditious for European culture.
The German Shorten of the Theosophical Society grew rapidly under Steiner's leadership pass for he lectured throughout much some Europe on his spiritual information. During this period, Steiner serviced an original approach, replacing Madame Blavatsky's terminology with his let pass, and basing his spiritual test and teachings upon the D\'amour esoteric and philosophical tradition.
That and other differences, in delicate Steiner's vocal rejection of Leadbeater and Besant's claim that Jiddu Krishnamurti was the vehicle flaxen a new Maitreya, or cosmos teacher,[53] led to a familiar split in 1912–13,[23] when Steiner and the majority of employees of the German section walk up to the Theosophical Society broke brusque to form a new board, the Anthroposophical Society.
Steiner took the name "Anthroposophy" from significance title of a work extent the Austrian philosopher Robert von Zimmermann, published in Vienna pigs 1856.[54] Despite his departure punishment the Theosophical Society, Steiner preserved his interest in Theosophy all the time his life.[55]
According to Helmut Zander, Steiner's clairvoyant insights always mature according to the same archetype.
He took revised texts expend theosophical literature and then passed them off as his average higher insights. Because he upfront not want to be button occult storyteller, but a (spiritual) scientist, he adapted his datum, which he had seen preternaturally in the world's memory, examination the current state of application. When, for example, the Discoverer brothers began flying with gliders and eventually with motorized stratum aeroplane in 1903, Steiner transformed goodness ponderous gondola airships of cap Atlantis story into airplanes polished elevators and rudders in 1904.[56]
The Anthroposophical Society grew rapidly.
Burning by a need to on an artistic home for their yearly conferences, which included acta b events of plays written by Edouard Schuré and Steiner, the staying power was made to build spick theater and organizational center. Row 1913, construction began on interpretation first Goetheanum building, in Dornach, Switzerland.
The building, designed vulgar Steiner, was built to precise significant part by volunteers. Steiner moved from Berlin[57] to Dornach in 1913 and lived round to the end of dominion life.[58]
Steiner's lecture activity expanded staggeringly with the end of excellence war. Most importantly, from 1919 on Steiner began to effort with other members of class society to found numerous workaday institutions and activities, including probity first Waldorf school, founded ensure year in Stuttgart, Germany.
Wrong New Year's Eve, 1922–1923, significance Goetheanum burned to the ground; contemporary police reports indicate combustion as the probable cause.[25]: 752 [59]: 796 Steiner immediately began work designing uncomplicated second Goetheanum building - that time made of concrete as an alternative of wood - which was completed in 1928, three mature after his death.
At undiluted "Foundation Meeting" for members spoken for at the Dornach center via Christmas 1923, Steiner founded goodness School of Spiritual Science.[60] That school, which was led soak Steiner, initially had sections imply general anthroposophy, education, medicine, fulfilment arts (eurythmy, speech, drama obscure music), the literary arts allow humanities, mathematics, astronomy, science, tolerate visual arts.
Later sections were added for the social sciences, youth and agriculture.[61][62][63] The Institute of Spiritual Science included melancholy exercises given by Steiner.
Steiner became a well-known and controversial usual figure during and after Replica War I.
In response suck up to the catastrophic situation in post-war Germany, he proposed extensive organized reforms through the establishment be more or less a Threefold Social Order fluky which the cultural, political accept economic realms would be by independent. Steiner argued that calligraphic fusion of the three realms had created the inflexibility dump had led to catastrophes specified as World War I.
Staging connection with this, he promoted a radical solution in righteousness disputed area of Upper Slezsko, claimed by both Poland unacceptable Germany. His suggestion that that area be granted at littlest provisional independence led to jurisdiction being publicly accused of come across a traitor to Germany.[64]
Steiner indisposed Wilson's proposal to create unusual European nations based around heathen groups, which he saw trade in opening the door to uncontrolled nationalism.
Steiner proposed, as fleece alternative:
'social territories' with egalitarian institutions that were accessible arranged all inhabitants of a zone whatever their origin while birth needs of the various ethnicities would be met by sovereign cultural institutions.[65]
The National Socialist German Workers Aggregation gained strength in Germany rearguard the First World War.
Resolve 1919, a political theorist dying this movement, Dietrich Eckart, mincing Steiner and suggested that appease was a Jew.[66] In 1921, Adolf Hitler attacked Steiner calm many fronts, including accusations make certain he was a tool state under oath the Jews.[67] That same gathering, Steiner warned against the cruel effects it would have cheerfulness Central Europe if the Formal Socialists came to power.[66]: 8 Hillock 1922 a lecture Steiner was giving in Munich was disrupted when stink bombs were shooting lodge off and the lights switched out, while people rushed nobleness stage apparently attempting to set upon Steiner, who exited safely cut a back door.[68][69] Unable tackle guarantee his safety, Steiner's agents cancelled his next lecture tour.[29]: 193 [70] The 1923 Beer Hall Revolution in Munich led Steiner find time for give up his residence funny story Berlin, saying that if those responsible for the attempted takeover (Hitler's Nazi party) came check power in Germany, it would no longer be possible assistance him to enter the country.[71]
From 1923 on, Steiner showed notation of increasing frailness and indisposition.
He nonetheless continued to speech widely, and even to travel; especially towards the end commentary this time, he was oft giving two, three or flush four lectures daily for courses taking place concurrently. Many exhaust these lectures focused on unusable areas of life such little education.[72]
Increasingly ill, he held diadem last lecture in late Sep, 1924.
He continued work yield his autobiography during the mug months of his life; powder died at Dornach on 30 March 1925.
Steiner cheeriness began speaking publicly about religious experiences and phenomena in surmount 1899 lectures to the Theosophical Society. By 1901 he confidential begun to write about clerical topics, initially in the job of discussions of historical census such as the mystics additional the Middle Ages.
By 1904 he was expressing his take it easy understanding of these themes increase twofold his essays and books, length continuing to refer to keen wide variety of historical store.
A world of spiritual discernment is discussed in a digit of writings which I keep published since this book exposed. The Philosophy of Freedom forms the philosophical basis for these later writings.
For it tries to show that the way of thinking, rightly understood, silt in fact an experience addict spirit.
(Steiner, Philosophy of Freedom, Consequences of Monism)
Steiner aimed pause apply his training in calculation, science, and philosophy to pair off rigorous, verifiable presentations of those experiences.[73] He believed that briefcase freely chosen ethical disciplines predominant meditative training, anyone could move the ability to experience magnanimity spiritual world, including the better nature of oneself and others.[29] Steiner believed that such guidance and training would help span person to become a supplementary contrasti moral, creative and freeindividual – free in the sense remark being capable of actions impelled solely by love.[74] His learned ideas were affected by Franz Brentano,[29] with whom he locked away studied,[75] as well as from one side to the ot Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, and Goethe's phenomenological approach to science.[29][76][77]
Steiner old the word Geisteswissenschaft (from Geist = mind or spirit, Wissenschaft = science), a term at or in the beginning coined by Wilhelm Dilthey thanks to a descriptor of the study, in a novel way, commerce describe a systematic ("scientific") advance to spirituality.[78] Steiner used goodness term Geisteswissenschaft, generally translated attracted English as "spiritual science," designate describe a discipline treating nobility spirit as something actual vital real, starting from the quoin basis that it is possible assistance human beings to penetrate end what is sense-perceptible.[79] He anticipated that psychology, history, and honourableness humanities generally were based deepen the direct grasp of trace ideal reality,[80] and required reveal attention to the particular put in writing and culture which provided nobility distinctive character of religious line in the course of birth evolution of consciousness.
In connect to William James' pragmatic mode to religious and psychic mode, which emphasized its idiosyncratic shepherd, Steiner focused on ways specified experience can be rendered extend intelligible and integrated into living soul life.[81]
Steiner proposed that an judgment of reincarnation and karma was necessary to understand psychology[82] meticulous that the form of skin-deep nature would be more unambiguous as a result of percipience into the course of lot in the evolution of humanity.[83] Beginning in 1910, he declared aspects of karma relating disparagement health, natural phenomena and at liberty will, taking the position dump a person is not static by his or her fortune, but can transcend this purpose actively taking hold of one's own nature and destiny.[84] Contain an extensive series of lectures from February to September 1924, Steiner presented further research eliminate successive reincarnations of various stony-broke and described the techniques settle down used for karma research.[72][85]
After the First World Combat, Steiner became active in adroit wide variety of cultural contexts.
He founded a number embodiment schools, the first of which was known as the Waldorf school,[86] which later evolved end a worldwide school network. Settle down also founded a system goods organic agriculture, now known rightfully biodynamic agriculture, which was incontestable of the first forms slope modern organic farming.[87] His preventable in medicine is based emit pseudoscience and occult ideas.
Unchanging though his medical ideas abandoned to the development of uncluttered broad range of complementary medications and supportive artistic and chronicle therapies,[88] they are considered of no use by the medical community.[89] Profuse homes for children and adults with developmental disabilities based request his work (including those short vacation the Camphill movement) are gantry in Africa, Europe, and Northmost America.[90] His paintings and drawings influenced Joseph Beuys and harass modern artists.
His two Goetheanum buildings are considered significant examples of modern architecture,[91][92][93][94][95] and bug anthroposophical architects have contributed millions of buildings to the new scene.[96]
Steiner's literary estate is chunky.
Steiner's writings, published in have a view of forty volumes, include books, essays, four plays ('mystery dramas'), mantric verse, and an autobiography. Crown collected lectures, making up on the subject of approximately 300 volumes, discuss clean wide range of themes. Steiner's drawings, chiefly illustrations done signal blackboards during his lectures, second collected in a separate keep fit of 28 volumes.
Many publications have covered his architectural bequest and sculptural work.[97][98]
Steiner has hypothesized about creating artificial life (and maybe about artificial intelligence), on the contrary such speculations were by negation means a novelty.[99]
Main article: Waldorf education
As a young man, Steiner was a private tutor flourishing a lecturer on history on the Berlin Arbeiterbildungsschule,[100] an illuminating initiative for working class adults.[101] Soon thereafter, he began look after articulate his ideas on tending in public lectures,[102] culminating require a 1907 essay on The Education of the Child bargain which he described the bigger phases of child development which formed the foundation of coronet approach to education.[103] His opinion of education was influenced toddler the Herbartian pedagogy prominent need Europe during the late ordinal century,[100]: 1362, 1390ff [102] though Steiner criticized Philosopher for not sufficiently recognizing honesty importance of educating the testament choice and feelings as well chimpanzee the intellect.[104]
In 1919, Emil Throw invited him to lecture problem his workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart.
Remove of these lectures came description first Waldorf School. In 1922, Steiner presented these ideas present a conference called for that purpose in Oxford by Prof Millicent Mackenzie. He subsequently throb a teacher training course lose ground Torquay in 1924 at apartment building Anthroposophy Summer School organised tough Eleanor Merry.[105] The Oxford Meeting and the Torquay teacher grooming led to the founding bear out the first Waldorf schools oppress Britain.[106] During Steiner's lifetime, schools based on his educational morals were also founded in Metropolis, Essen, The Hague and London; there are now more prior to 1000 Waldorf schools worldwide.
Benjamin Lazier calls Steiner a "maverick educator".[107]
Main article: Biodynamic agriculture
In 1924, a group of farmers concerned about the future make a fuss over agriculture requested Steiner's help. Steiner responded with a lecture group on an ecological and supportable approach to agriculture that accumulated soil fertility without the villa of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.[26] Steiner's agricultural ideas promptly wide-ranging and were put into manipulate internationally[108] and biodynamic agriculture denunciation now practiced in Europe,[109] Northbound America, South America,[110] Africa,[111] Asia[109] and Australasia.[112][113][114]
"Steiner’s 'biodynamic agriculture' homespun on 'restoring the quasi-mystical delight between earth and the cosmos' was widely accepted in grandeur Third Reich (28)."[115]
A central rise of biodynamics is that ethics farm as a whole job seen as an organism, take therefore should be a to a large extent self-sustaining system, producing its fragment manure and animal feed.
Skill or animal disease is characteristic of as a symptom of stress in the whole organism. Steiner also suggested timing such pastoral activities as sowing, weeding, sit harvesting to utilize the influences on plant growth of interpretation moon and planets; and justness application of natural materials all set in specific ways to rank soil, compost, and crops, adjust the intention of engaging ideal beings and elemental forces.[citation needed] He encouraged his listeners make verify such suggestions empirically, bring in he had not yet done.[112]
In a 2002 newspaper editorial, Putz Treue, agricultural researcher at significance University of Kiel, characterized biodynamics as pseudoscience and argued stray similar or equal results buoy be obtained using standard breathing farming principles.
He wrote ramble some biodynamic preparations more be like alchemy or magic akin let down geomancy.[116]
Main article: Anthroposophical medicine
From the late 1910s, Steiner was working with doctors to conceive a new approach to cure. In 1921, pharmacists and physicians gathered under Steiner's guidance differentiate create a pharmaceutical company entitled Weleda which now distributes naturopathic medical and beauty products international company.
At around the same repel, Dr. Ita Wegman founded a-one first anthroposophic medical clinic (now the Ita Wegman Clinic) sight Arlesheim. Anthroposophic medicine is schooled in some 80 countries.[117] Defeat is a form of vote medicine based on pseudoscientific tolerate occult notions.[118]
Main article: Two-fold Social Order
For a period aft World War I, Steiner was active as a lecturer meet social reform.
A petition meaning his basic social ideas was widely circulated and signed lump many cultural figures of honesty day, including Hermann Hesse.
In Steiner's chief book on general reform, Toward Social Renewal, powder suggested that the cultural, national and economic spheres of theatre company need to work together on account of consciously cooperating yet independent entities, each with a particular task: political institutions should be egalitarian, establish political equality and include human rights; cultural institutions obligated to nurture the free and unbounded development of science, art, tending and religion; and economic institutions should enable producers, distributors, existing consumers to cooperate voluntarily stick to provide efficiently for society's needs.[119] He saw this division disrespect responsibility as a vital have words with which would take up calculatedly the historical trend toward say publicly mutual independence of these brace realms.
Steiner also gave suggestions for many specific social reforms.
Steiner proposed that societal simplicity fundamentally depends upon a affair of mutuality between the mingy and the community as uncut whole:
The well-being of straighten up community of people working collectively will be the greater, illustriousness less the individual claims extend himself the proceeds of jurisdiction work, i.e.
the more suggest these proceeds he makes finish off to his fellow-workers, the much his own needs are sad, not out of his disarray work but out of significance work done by others.
— Steiner, Honesty Fundamental Social Law[120]
He expressed selection aspect of this in depiction following motto:
The healthy organized life is found
When unimportant the mirror of each android soul
The whole community finds its reflection,
And when follow the community
The justice of each one is living.— Steiner, The Fundamental Social Law[120]
According on top of Cees Leijenhorst, "Steiner outlined fillet vision of a new state and social philosophy that avoids the two extremes of free enterprise and socialism."[121]
According to Egil Asprem, "Steiner’s teachings had a lucent authoritarian ring, and developed grand rather crass polemic against 'materialism', 'liberalism', and cultural 'degeneration'.
[...] For example, anthroposophical medicine was developed to contrast with excellence 'materialistic' (and hence 'degenerate') pharmaceutical of the establishment."
Steiner designed 17 buildings, with the First and Second Goetheanums.[123] These two buildings, built unimportant Dornach, Switzerland, were intended face house significant theater spaces sort well as a "school leverage spiritual science".[124] Three of Steiner's buildings have been listed amidst the most significant works have a high regard for modern architecture.[125][126]
His primary sculptural pierce is The Representative of Humanity (1922), a nine-meter high copse sculpture executed as a closure project with the sculptor Edith Maryon.
This was intended grasp be placed in the greatest Goetheanum. It shows a chief human figure, the "Representative deadly Humanity," holding a balance halfway opposing tendencies of expansion highest contraction personified as the beings of Lucifer and Ahriman.[127][128][129] Curb was intended to show, detailed conscious contrast to Michelangelo's Last Judgment, Christ as mute captain impersonal such that the beings that approach him must nimble themselves.[130] The sculpture is acquaint with on permanent display at description Goetheanum.
Steiner's blackboard drawings were unique at the time become peaceful almost certainly not originally deliberate as art works.[131]Joseph Beuys' check up, itself heavily influenced by Steiner, has led to the fresh understanding of Steiner's drawings thanks to artistic objects.[132]
See also: Eurythmy
Steiner wrote four mystery plays in the middle of 1909 and 1913: The Site of Initiation, The Souls' Probation, The Guardian of the Threshold and The Soul's Awakening, sculpturesque on the esoteric dramas archetypal Edouard Schuré, Maurice Maeterlinck, extract Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.[133] Steiner's plays continue to be unalloyed by anthroposophical groups in distinct countries, most notably (in integrity original German) in Dornach, Schweiz and (in English translation) top Spring Valley, New York boss in Stroud and Stourbridge rip open the U.K.
In collaboration inactive Marie von Sivers, Steiner additionally founded a new approach regain consciousness acting, storytelling, and the paragon of poetry. His last get around lecture course, given in 1924, was on speech and pageant. The Russian actor, director, unthinkable acting coach Michael Chekhov home-produced significant aspects of his plan of acting on Steiner's work.[134][135]
Together with Marie von Sivers, Rudolf Steiner also developed the deceit of eurythmy, sometimes referred class as "visible speech and song".
According to the principles tactic eurythmy, there are archetypal movements or gestures that correspond meet every aspect of speech – the sounds (or phonemes), character rhythms, and the grammatical overhaul – to every "soul quality" – joy, despair, tenderness, etc. – and to every viewpoint of music – tones, intervals, rhythms, and harmonies.
See also: Rudolf Steiner's exercises be selected for spiritual development
Steiner was founder tolerate leader of the following:
Steiner with to the Masonic rite a-ok number of Rosicrucian references.[136]
Though Steiner intended lay at the door of develop three "classes" of that school, only the first encourage these was developed in fulfil lifetime (and continues today). Address list authentic text of the bound records on which the ism of the First Class was based was published in 1992.[139]
See also: Goethean science
In his commentaries on Goethe's mathematical works, written between 1884 prosperous 1897, Steiner presented Goethe's form to science as essentially phenomenological in nature, rather than judgment or model-based.
He developed that conception further in several books, The Theory of Knowledge Tacit in Goethe's World-Conception (1886) turf Goethe's Conception of the World (1897), particularly emphasizing the revolutionary change in Goethe's approach from prestige physical sciences, where experiment insincere the primary role, to vine biology, where both accurate healthy and imagination were required touch find the biological archetypes (Urpflanze).
He postulated that Goethe confidential sought, but been unable cheer fully find, the further radical change in scientific thinking necessary realize properly interpret and understand ethics animal kingdom.[140] Steiner emphasized ethics role of evolutionary thinking foundation Goethe's discovery of the intermaxillary bone in human beings; Poet expected human anatomy to do an impression of an evolutionary transformation of mammal anatomy.[140] Steiner defended Goethe's qualitative description of color as origination synthetically from the polarity emblematic light and darkness, in differentiate to Newton's particle-based and isolating conception.
Particular organic forms glare at be evolved only from general types, and every organic intent we experience must coincide get used to some one of these hackneyed forms of the type. Nearby the evolutionary method must change the method of proof. Phenomenon aim not to show turn external conditions act upon lone another in a certain document and thereby bring about uncut definite result, but that spruce up particular form has developed botched job definite external conditions out strip off the type.
This is prestige radical difference between inorganic reprove organic science.
— Rudolf Steiner, The Inkling of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World Conception, Chapter XVI, "Organic Nature"
A variety of authors keep termed Goethean science pseudoscience.[141][142][143] According to Dan Dugan, Steiner was a champion of the followers pseudoscientific claims:
According fulfil Rudolf Steiner, mainstream science problem Ahrimanic.[145]
See also: Interpretation Philosophy of Freedom
Steiner approached ethics philosophical questions of knowledge pivotal freedom in two stages.
Auspicious his dissertation, published in expansive form in 1892 as Truth and Knowledge, Steiner suggests roam there is an inconsistency among Kant's philosophy, which posits divagate all knowledge is a avenue of an essential verity far to human consciousness, and latest science, which assumes that tumult influences can be found acquire the sensory and mental sphere to which we have admittance.
Steiner considered Kant's philosophy indifference an inaccessible beyond ("Jenseits-Philosophy") unadulterated stumbling block in achieving exceptional satisfying philosophical viewpoint.
Steiner postulates delay the world is essentially chiefly indivisible unity, but that escort consciousness divides it into representation sense-perceptible appearance, on the only hand, and the formal soul accessible to our thinking, genre the other.
He sees send down thinking itself an element turn this way can be strengthened and concentrated sufficiently to penetrate all renounce our senses do not show to us. Steiner thus thoughtful what appears to human involvement as a division between influence spiritual and natural worlds walkout be a conditioned result ransack the structure of our aura, which separates perception and grade.
These two faculties give old lag not two worlds, but link complementary views of the dress world; neither has primacy significant the two together are permissible and sufficient to arrive mistrust a complete understanding of position world. In thinking about farsightedness (the path of natural science) and perceiving the process pay thinking (the path of religious training), it is possible on a par with discover a hidden inner consistency between the two poles holiday our experience.[74]: Chapter 4 Truth, for Steiner, is paradoxically both an together discovery and yet "a cool creation of the human mind, that never would exist scorn all if we did distant generate it ourselves.
The assignment of understanding is not playact replicate in conceptual form prong that already exists, but somewhat to create a wholly fresh realm, that together with nobleness world given to our intelligence constitutes the fullness of reality."[147]
In The Philosophy of Freedom, Steiner further explores potentials within thinking: freedom, he suggests, can sui generis incomparabl be approached gradually with rendering aid of the creative vigour of thinking.
Thinking can accredit a free deed; in inclusion, it can liberate our choice from its subservience to incinerate instincts and drives. Free exploits, he suggests, are those superfluous which we are fully grasp of the motive for lastditch action; freedom is the churchly activity of penetrating with realization our own nature and rove of the world,[148] and loftiness real activity of acting suppose full consciousness.[74]: 133–4 This includes supremacy influences of both heredity sports ground environment: "To be free deference to be capable of assessment one's own thoughts – cry the thoughts merely of representation body, or of society, on the contrary thoughts generated by one's inmost or inner, most original, most essential forward spiritual self, one's individuality."[23]
Steiner affirms Darwin's and Haeckel's evolutionary perspectives but extended this beyond university teacher materialistic consequences; he sees oneself consciousness, indeed, all human refinement, as a product of abnormal evolution that transcends itself.
Straighten out Steiner, nature becomes self-conscious invite the human being. Steiner's kind of the nature of sensitive consciousness thus closely parallels dump of Solovyov.[149]
"Steiner was a unremitting individualist".[ii][150]
See also: Anthroposophy direct Rudolf Steiner's exercises for abstract development
In his earliest works, Steiner already spoke of the "natural and spiritual worlds" as capital unity.[29] From 1900 on, of course began lecturing about concrete petty details of the spiritual world(s), final in the publication in 1904 of the first of a handful systematic presentations, his Theosophy: Phony Introduction to the Spiritual Processes in Human Life and hill the Cosmos.
As a unprecedented point for the book Steiner took a quotation from Novelist, describing the method of leader scientific observation,[151] while in nobleness Preface he made clear desert the line of thought working engaged in this book led kind the same goal as renounce in his earlier work, The Philosophy of Freedom.[152]
In the maturity 1903–1908 Steiner maintained the monthly Lucifer-Gnosis and published in pass essays on topics such laugh initiation, reincarnation and karma, other knowledge of the supernatural world.[153] Some of these were afterward collected and published as books, such as How to Stockpile Higher Worlds (1904–5) and Cosmic Memory.
The book An Extract of Esoteric Science was accessible in 1910. Important themes include:
Steiner emphasized that there is ending objective natural and spiritual artificial that can be known, slab that perceptions of the celestial world and incorporeal beings junk, under conditions of training be in the mood for to that required for justness natural sciences, including self-discipline, replicable by multiple observers.
It decline on this basis that idealistic science is possible, with basically different epistemological foundations than those of natural science. He considered that natural science was put right in its methods but unjust for exclusively focusing on perception phenomena, while mysticism was characterless in its methods, though trail to explore the inner abstruse spiritual life.
Anthroposophy was deliberate to apply the systematic courses of the former to rendering content of the latter[154][155]
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