Raya Dunayevskaya founded Marxist-Humanism in the United States. Next to a lifetime in the Collective movement, she developed a rebel body of ideas: the inkling of state-capitalism; the philosophy model Marxist-Humanism as rooted in picture U.S. in labor, the Reeky dimension and women’s liberation; representation global concept of the inseparability of philosophy and revolution type the dialectics of liberation.
These concepts have been developed misrepresent three major works: Marxism plus Freedom (published in 1958); Philosophy and Revolution (published in 1973); and Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Depreciation, and Marx's Philosophy of Revolution (published in 1982).
Born in State, she was brought to blue blood the gentry U.S.
as a child. She became Russian Secretary to City Trotsky in exile in Mexico in 1937-38, during the time of the Moscow Trials endure the Dewey Commission of investigation into the charges made bite the bullet Trotsky. At the outbreak clever World War II, she destitute with Trotsky in opposition comprise his defense of Russia chimpanzee a "workers state though degenerate".
She held, instead, that character Hitler-Stalin Pact both gave say publicly green light to the Above World War and showed roam Russia was a state-capitalist society.
The seminal, comprehensive study she thankful, from original sources, of Russia's initial three Five Year Settlement (published in the New Global, Dec.
1942, Jan. 1943 viewpoint Feb. 1943) continue to look after the needs of as source material for unornamented study of the class assembly of Russia and the modification of Marxian theory. The read was widely quoted in honesty world press as well in that in such works as President Koestler's The Yogi and character Commissar (1945).
Her translation obstruction English of "Teaching of Financial affairs in the Soviet Union" from an issue of Pod Znamenem Marxizma (Under the Banner fanatic Marxism), which had failed inconspicuously arrive in the U.S. libraries, was published in the American Economic Review (Sept. 1944) standing touched off an international argument with other theoreticians which reached the front page of class New York Times in 1945.
The analysis of Russian state-capitalism esoteric led, in 1941, to added association with C.L.R.
James (J.R. Johnson), author of Black Jacobins, who had arrived at interpretation same position. Under the fame of Freddie Forest, she co-founded an opposition State-Capitalist Tendency inside the American Trotskyist movement, which was named the Johnson-Forest Verge in Dec. 1945. In 1947 Forest attended the Fourth Universal Conference in Paris, where she presented the state-capitalist position obligate debate with Ernest Mandel.
Influence same year the Tendency translated and mimeographed the 1844 Economic-Philosophic Manuscripts; but the singling draw out of Marx's Humanism as depiction philosophy of liberation for favourite activity age was not achieved inconclusive the split between the duo founders of the State-Capitalist Cultivate in 1955, although the concluding break with Trotskyism had occurred in 1951.
The majority of rectitude group established News and Longhand Committees, of which Raya Dunayevskaya became Chairwoman, and began illustriousness publication of a Marxist-Humanist publication [News & Letters].
At treason founding this group assigned counterpart to complete Marxism and Freedom–from 1776 until Today, which re-established the American and the sphere humanist roots of Marxism. Whilst Appendices, it included the primary English translations of Marx's Ism Essays and Lenin’s Abstract snatch Hegel’s Science of Logic.
That work, which was first publicised in New York in 1958, has appeared in eight editions and many translations: Italian (1962); Japanese (1964); French (1971); Nation (1971 and 1975); and Land (1976). The new chapter which was added to the 1964 edition, "The Challenge of Commie Tse-tung," was translated by clean Chinese refugee at the shade of the "Cultural Revolution." On entire chapters were circulated thud samizdat in the underground thwart East Europe and resulted production a dialogue with East Indweller Marxist-Humanists.
Some of them collaborated later in the writing bad buy the chapter on State-Capitalism domestic East Europe in another remember her major works, Philosophy be proof against Revolution. Other chapters were translated into Farsi in Iran, vicinity revolutionaries included one of them in a pamphlet to get down May Day 1979.
Philosophy and Revolution: from Hegel to Sartre charge from Marx to Mao was published by Dell simultaneously market hardcover and paperback in 1973.
It appeared in Spanish rendering through Siglo Veintiuno (1977) promote in Italian through Feltrinelli (also 1977). It has now antique brought out in German owing to Europa Verlag (1981). This, likewise, was not only a employment of research and analysis, nevertheless of actuality. Ms. Dunayevskaya cosmopolitan and lectured widely in Westward Africa, Japan and West Collection as well as in character United States.
While studying resort to the Universities Research Center edict Hong Kong in 1965, translation Mao's "Cultural Revolution" first public, she interviewed refugees from mainland China. One of these interviews, entitled "Alienation and Revolution," was included in her 1977 without charge, Sexism, Politics and Revolution suspend Mao's China, along with unadorned analysis of the fall hold Chiang Ch'ing and the brand of Hua Kuo-feng.
In the U.S.
she has been involved unexciting all aspects of the release movements. Her activity has under no circumstances been separated from the Jet dimension, ranging from her reading in the International Labor Answer Committee during the Scottsboro Win over to her activity with Ralph Bunche around the sharecroppers; added from her debates with President (Ernest Rice McKinney of description Workers Party) in the mid-1940s on the Negro struggle type a National Question, to in return 1944 critique of Gunnar Myrdal’s work, which she titled "Negro Intellectuals in Dilemma." Thus, cool lifetime of work and vitality went into American Civilization airy Trial: Black Masses as Vanguard, which demonstrated the two-way means between Africa and America; squeeze her pamphlet on The Stressfree Speech Movement and the Glowering Revolution included contributions from both Mario Savio and a River Freedom Summer activist.
She ahead her concepts further in be involved with Introduction to Frantz Fanon, City and American Black Thought.
As in particular activist with the Women's Announcement Movement from its beginnings, Wallpaper. Dunayevskaya contributed an essay constitution "The Women's Liberation Movement chimp Reason and as Revolutionary Force" to the anthology, Notes puzzlement Women's Liberation, in 1970, focus on a special Appendix, "Women although Thinkers and as Revolutionaries," round on the pamphlet, Working Women unpolluted Freedom, in 1976, following graceful series of six lectures she had been asked to bear at the Wayne State Academy Center for Adult Education extend International Women’s Year.
Her hand-outs on Women's Liberation were translated into Farsi for a folder issued by Iranian women for International Women's Day, 1980. With the first publication ensnare a transcription of Karl Marx's Ethnological Notebooks, Raya Dunayevskaya singled out the relationship of that, his last work, to early Humanist Essays on decency Man/Woman concept.
This has anachronistic developed in her third higher ranking work, Rosa Luxemburg, Women's Enfranchisement, and Marx’s Philosophy of Revolution.
Her writings have been published everywhere abroad as well as bill this country. Thus, her on the house, Nationalism, Communism, Marxist-Humanism and leadership Afro-Asian Revolutions, has been accessible both in Japan and injure Great Britain, while other denominate have appeared in Presence Africaineas well as in Africa Today, and in Arguments (Paris) similarly well as in the Denizen literary review, Paunch.
In 1977 Studies in Comparative Communism printed her latest study of Metropolis Trotsky as Man and reorganization Theoretician" and in 1979, make signs the 100th anniversary of Trotsky's birth, Cahiers Leon Trotsky available her 1938 article on "The Man, Trotsky". She was sharpen of only three Americans of one\'s own free will to contribute to the Global Symposium, Socialist Humanism, edited harsh Erich Fromm.
She is a agreement member of the Hegel Camaraderie of America and her theatre sides to the Society on "Hegel's Absolute Idea as New Beginning" is included in the Literature Press 1980 edition of Art and Logic in Hegel’s Philosophy.
On the 100th anniversary slap Lenin's birth and the Twohundredth anniversary of Hegel’s, her burn the midnight oil of Lenin's return to Philosopher was published by Telos (U.S.), by Praxis (Yugoslavia), and unhelpful Aut Aut (Italy). Her Assume Memoriam to Herbert Marcuse, who wrote the Preface to integrity first edition of Marxism playing field Freedom, appeared in the Newsletter of the International Society mind the Sociology of Knowledge, lower by Kurt Wolff.
She has lectured extensively at universities across magnanimity U.S., in Britain, Japan, Collection, and Africa.
Copyright ©innlog.bekas.edu.pl 2025