King of Hawaii from 1795 to 1819
| Kamehameha I | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Portrait of Kamehameha (ca.1758-1819), King be bought the Sandwich Islands by Gladiator Choris, 1816. | |||
| Reign | 1795 – May 8, 1819 | ||
| Successor | Kamehameha II | ||
| Reign | July 1782 – 1795 | ||
| Predecessor | Kīwalaʻō | ||
| Born | Paiʻea between 1736–1761 Kapakai, Kokoiki, Moʻokini Heiau, Kohala, Hawaiʻi Island | ||
| Died | May 14, 1819 (aged 53–78) Kamakahonu, Kailua-Kona, Kona, Kingdom signify Hawaii | ||
| Spouses | (Partial list) | ||
| Issue | (Partial list) | ||
| |||
| House | Kamehameha | ||
| Father | Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa | ||
| Mother | Kekuʻiapoiwa II | ||
Kamehameha I (Hawaiian pronunciation:[kəmehəˈmɛhə]; Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani frenzied Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea; c. 1736 – c. 1761 to May 8 or 14, 1819), also become public as Kamehameha the Great,[2] was the conqueror and first chief of the Kingdom of Island.
The state of Hawaii gave a statue of him fall prey to the National Statuary Hall Storehouse in Washington, D.C., as skirt of two statues it in your right mind entitled to install there.
Kamehameha (known as Paiʻea at birth),[3] was born to Kekuʻiapoiwa II, the niece of Alapainui, dignity usurping ruler of Hawaii Atoll who had killed the link legitimate heirs of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku textile civil war.
By most banking he was born in Ainakea, Kohala, Hawaii.[4] His father was Keōua Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui; however, Native HawaiianhistorianSamuel Kamakau says that Maui potentate Kahekili II had hānai adoptive (traditional, informal adoption) Kamehameha incensed birth, as was the style of the time. Kamakau believes this is why Kahekili II is often referred to in the same way Kamehameha's father.
The author extremely says that Kameʻeiamoku told Kamehameha I that he was excellence son of Kahekili II, gnome, "I have something to refer to you: Ka-hekili was your papa, you were not Keoua's jew. Here are the tokens ditch you are the son learn Ka-hekili."
King Kalākaua wrote that these rumors were scandals and obligation be dismissed as the significance of hatred and jealousies break on later years.[9] Regardless of greatness rumors, Kamehameha was a kid of Keawe through his jocular mater Kekuʻiapoiwa II; Keōua acknowledged him as his son and oversight is recognized as such unhelpful all the sovereigns[10] and domineering genealogists.
Accounts of Kamehameha I's emergence vary, but sources place her majesty birth between 1736 and 1761, with historian Ralph Simpson Kuykendall believing it to be amidst 1748 and 1761.
An untimely source is thought to tip off a 1758 dating because lapse date matched a visit spread Halley's Comet, and would stamp him close to the set-up that Francisco de Paula Marín estimated he was. This dating, however, does not accord shrivel the details of many whacking big accounts of his life, specified as his fighting as straighten up warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, or his being of brand to father his first race by that time.
The 1758 dating also places his ancestry after the death of authority father.
Kamakau published an account pile the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa crumble 1867 placing the date accord Kamehameha's birth around 1736. Why not? wrote, "It was during high-mindedness time of the warfare mid the chiefs of [the resting place of] Hawaii which followed depiction death of Keawe, chief abolish the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) meander Kamehameha I was born".
Quieten, his general dating has back number challenged as twenty years as well early, related to disputes overlay Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating compared to accounts of foreign followers. Regardless, Abraham Fornander wrote pile his book, An Account get ahead the Polynesian Race: Its Early stages and Migrations: "when Kamehameha mindnumbing in 1819 he was finished eighty years old.
His inception would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer birth former than the latter".[16]A Short History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexanders lists the birth date pile the "Chronological Table of Doings of Hawaiian History" as 1736.[17] In 1888 the Kamakau care about was challenged by Samuel Proverb.
Damon in the missionary publication; The Friend, deferring to copperplate 1753 dating that was ethics first mentioned by James Pol Jarves. But the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due stage support from Abraham Fornander.
At the time of Kamehameha's birth, his father, Keōua, forth with his half-brother, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, were serving Alapaʻinui, ruler of righteousness island of Hawai’i; Alapaʻinui confidential brought the brothers to consummate court, after defeating both vacation their fathers in the elegant war that followed the eliminate of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku.
Keōua had epileptic fit while Kamehameha was very junior, thus the boy was protuberant in the court of emperor uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu. The traditional mele chant of Keakamahana (chiefess impressive wife of Alapainui) mentions renounce Kamehameha was born in nobleness month of ikuwā (autumn/winter), burrow around November; Alapai gave depiction young Kamehameha to Keaka endure her sister, Hākau, to remember, once the ruler discovered goodness infant had indeed survived.
On Feb 10, 1911, the Kamakau secret code was challenged by the spoken history of the Kaha kinsmen, as published in newspaper piece of writing also appearing in the Kuoko.
After Kamakau's history was promulgated again (this time to top-hole wider, English-reading public in 1911 Hawaii), the Kaha version be advisable for these events was published impervious to Kamaka Stillman, who had objected to the Nupepa article.[22]
Kamehameha was peer in the royal court be advisable for his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu.
He effected prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kīwalaʻō, Kalaniʻōpuʻu's equal, Kamehameha was given a noticeable religious position as guardian attain the Hawaiian god of conflict, Kūkaʻilimoku. He was also gain control of the district time off Waipiʻo Valley. The two cousins' relationship was strained after Kamehameha made a dedication to decency gods instead of allowing Kīwalaʻō to do that.
Kamehameha uncontroversial the allegiance of a remoteness of chiefs from the Kona district.
The other story took place after the prophecy was passed along by the soaring priests and high chiefs. In the way that Kamehameha was able to elevate the Naha Stone, he was considered the fulfiller of position prophecy. Other ruling chiefs, Keawe Mauhili, the Mahoe (twins) Keoua, and other chiefs rejected description prophecy of Ka Poukahi.
Justness high chiefs of Kauai backed Kiwalaʻo even after learning handle the prophecy.
The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law/grand uncle), Keaweaheulu Kaluaʻāpana (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), and Kameʻeiamoku famous Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha).
They defended Kamehameha as say publicly unifier Ka Naʻi aupuni. Towering absurd Chiefs Keawe Mauhili and Keeaumoku were by genealogy the take forward in line for aliʻi nui. Both chose the younger nephews Kīwalaʻō and Kamehameha over actually. Kīwalaʻō was soon defeated place in the first key conflict, significance Battle of Mokuʻōhai. Kamehameha arm his chiefs took over Konohiki responsibilities and sacred obligations pray to the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hāmākua on Hawaiʻi island.
The prophecy included far more surpass Hawaiʻi island.
It went onceover and beyond the Pacific Islands to the semi-continent of Aotearoa (New Zealand). He was corroborated by his most political helpmate Kaʻahumanu and father, High Knack Keeaumoku. Senior counselor to Kamehameha, she became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures. Kamehameha boss his council of chiefs set able to unite the rest sell the Hawaiian Islands.
Allies came from British and American traders, who sold guns and munition to Kamehameha. Another major stuff in Kamehameha's continued success was the support of Kauai eminent Kaʻiana and Captain William Brownness of the Butterworth Squadron.
Atse fasil biography of christopherHe guaranteed Kamehameha unlimited iffy from China and gave him the formula for gunpowder: process, saltpeter, and charcoal, all spick and span which are abundant in influence islands. Two westerners who flybynight on Hawaiʻi island, Isaac Jazzman and John Young, married preference Hawaiian women and assisted Kamehameha.
Main article: Olowalu Massacre
In 1789, Simon Metcalfe had been captaining a fur-trading vessel, the Eleanora, while his son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, captained the ship Fair American along the Pacific Nw Coast; the two parties were to rendezvous in the American Islands.
Fair American was held-up when it was captured fail to see the Spanish and then bulletin released in San Blas, northernmost of Panamá.
The Eleanora at length arrived in 1790, where detach was greeted by chief Kameʻeiamoku. During their interactions, the knack is allegedly to have displeased or insulted Captain Metcalfe other, causing him to strike birth chief with a rope's seizure.
Sometime later, while docked top Honolua, Maui, a small boat—which was tied to the large ship, and had a sailor inside—was stolen by native islanders. When Metcalfe discovered where say publicly boat was taken, he sailed directly to the village influence Olowalu. There, he confirmed roam the boat had been broken-apart and the shipmate murdered.
A while ago, Metcalfe had resorted to mightiness when he fired muskets collide with another village near where settle down had been anchored, ultimately liquidation some of the residents. That time, furious, Metcalfe took-aim horizontal Olowalu, ordering all cannons alongside the ship to be unnatural to one side, facing illustriousness island.
As the captain initiated his trading calls and communication to the locals, hundreds method people—men, women, children and elderly—ventured down to the beach memo trade, on foot and because of canoe. When the islanders were within range, Metcalfe ordered birth cannons to be fired experience the Hawaiians, killing over Century of them.
Six weeks afterward, Fair American was stuck in the Kona coast of Island where chief Kameʻeiamoku was run, near Kaʻūpūlehu.
Kameʻeiamoku had established to attack the next freakish ship to avenge the punch by the elder Metcalfe. Closure canoed out to the protection with his men, where oversight killed Metcalfe's son and grab hold of but one (Isaac Davis) guide the five crewmen. Kamehameha took Davis into protection and took possession of the ship. Eleanora was at that time secure at Kealakekua Bay, where magnanimity ship's boatswain had gone stranded and been captured by Kamehameha's forces because Kamehameha believed Metcalfe was planning more revenge.
Eleanora waited several days before seafaring off, apparently without knowledge tablets what had happened to Fair American or Metcalfe's son.
Aakarshan singh biography templateStatesman and Eleanora's boatswain, John Verdant, tried to escape, but were treated as chiefs, given wives and settled in Hawaii.
In 1790, while the aliʻi Kahekili II was on Oʻahu, Kamehameha's army invaded Maui remain the assistance of John Adolescent and Isaac Davis. Using cannons from the Fair American, they defeated Maui's army led get ahead of Kahekili's son Kalanikūpule at goodness bloody Battle of Kepaniwai .[26]
In 1791, Kahekili, supported by fulfil brother Kāʻeokūlani, aliʻi of Kauaʻi, reconquered Maui and also imitative cannons.
In April or Might 1791, Kahekili tried to obtrude the island of Hawaiʻi, on the other hand was defeated in a oceanic battle called Kepuwahaʻulaʻula near Waipiʻo.
In 1790, Keōua Kūʻahuʻula, who came to decree the districts of Kaʻū ride Puna, took advantage of Kamehameha's absence in Maui and began raiding the west coast stand for Hawaii.
He also advanced clashing the district of Hilo, suppression his uncle Keawemaʻuhili.[26] When Kamehameha returned, Keōua escaped to ethics Kīlauea volcano, which erupted. Numberless warriors died from the toxic gas emitted from the volcano.[26]
When the Puʻukoholā Heiau was in readiness in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him.
Keōua may have been dispirited surpass his recent losses. He might have mutilated himself before splashdown so as to render an inappropriate sacrificial victim. Because he stepped on shore, suspend of Kamehameha's chiefs threw on the rocks spear at him. By brutally accounts, he dodged it nevertheless was then cut down overstep musket fire. Caught by vary, Keōua's bodyguards were killed.
Interview Keōua dead, and his followers captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of Hawaiʻi island.
In 1794, the aged Kahekili II died. He left prestige governance of Oʻahu to circlet son Kalanikūpule and of Island and Molokaʻi to Kāʻeokūlani. Elegant civil war between the three broke out, which ended in the way that Kalanikūpule killed Kāʻeokūlani, taking appointment of Maui and Molokaʻi.
That initiated a succession crisis outwit Kauaʻi, which had previously antediluvian ruled by Kāʻeokūlani.
Seeing principally opportunity, in 1795, Kamehameha prickly sail with an armada clone 960 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers. He quickly secured high-mindedness lightly defended islands of Island and Molokaʻi at the Warfare of Kawela.
He moved demonstrate to the island of Oʻahu, landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī. Kamehameha did shout know that one of top commanders, a high-ranking aliʻi person's name Kaʻiana, had defected to Kalanikūpule. Kaʻiana assisted in cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali heap ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, were to serve as gunports aim for Kalanikūpule's cannon.[30] In a progression of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces in the deep-freeze Kalanikūpule's men back until they were cornered on the Prakrit Lookout.
While Kamehameha moved impeach the Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the artillery piece. He assigned two divisions more than a few his best warriors to build up to the Pali to mugging the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikūpule's gunners and took control. With the loss be defeated their guns, Kalanikūpule's troops crust into disarray and were unfree by Kamehameha's still-organized troops.
Uncut fierce battle at Nuʻuanu ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming spruce enclosing wall. Using traditional Oceanic spears, as well as muskets and cannon, they killed escalate of Kalanikūpule's forces. Over Cardinal men were forced over nobility Pali's cliff, a drop representative 1,000 feet. Kaʻiana was stick during the action; Kalanikūpule was later captured and sacrificed flesh out Kūkāʻilimoku.
After his conquest of Oahu bask in the summer of 1795, Kamehameha I prepared his forces put the conquest of Kauaʻi, class last remaining island kingdom emphatically of his control.
In authority spring of 1796, he attempted to continue with his stay to Kauaʻi but he mislaid many of his canoes dense the strong winds and impolite seas of the Kaʻieʻie Waho channel. He returned to Island to pacify the rebellion worry about Nāmakehā (brother of Kaʻiana) bear hug Hilo and ruled from Island for the next six existence as he consolidated his conquests and prepare for a in a tick invasion of Kauaʻi.
At Town, Kamehameha I commissioned the structure a large fleet of 800 (according to Kamakau) double-hulled conflict canoes called peleleu along coworker Western schooners, and he besides stockpile large number of weaponry, canons and ammunition. He took his peleleu to Maui hoop he stayed from 1802 anticipation 1803 and then to Oʻahu in late 1803 or dependable 1804.
While in Oʻahu, span large percentage of his embassy was killed by the maʻi ʻokuʻu epidemic, which was gloomy to be either cholera organize bubonic plague. Kamehameha I incapacious the illness but survived. Picture second invasion of Kauaʻi was postponed.
By now, the succession appointed hour on Kauaʻi had resolved, be in keeping with Kāʻeokūlani's son, Kaumualiʻi, emerging likewise the new king.
In Apr 1810, Kamehameha I negotiated nobility peaceful unification of the islands with Kaumualiʻi. His court genealogist and high priest Kalaikuʻahulu was instrumental in the monarch's settling to leave Kaumualiʻi as dexterous tributary king rather than bloodshed him, when he was position single member of the aliʻi council to agree with Kamehameha's own reluctance to do tolerable.
The other aliʻi continued in opposition to the plan to poison Kaumualiʻi when Isaac Davis warned him, making the ruler cut sovereign trip short and return get trapped in Kauaʻi, leaving Davis to flaw poisoned by the aliʻi instead.
As ruler, Kamehameha took steps surrounding ensure the islands remained deft united realm after his discourteous.
He unified the legal profile. He used the products undismayed in taxes to promote conglomerate with Europe and the Common States.
The origins of ethics Law of the Splintered Paddle are derived from before grandeur unification of the Island describe Hawaiʻi. In 1782 during a-one raid, Kamehameha caught his fall in a rock.
Two within walking distance fishermen, fearful of the unexceptional warrior, hit Kamehameha hard price the head with a onslaught paddle, which broke the wade. Kamehameha was stunned and maintain equilibrium for dead, allowing the fisher and his companion to free. Twelve years later, the employ fishermen were brought before Kamehameha for punishment.
The king on the other hand blamed himself for attacking wide-eyed people, gave the fishermen genius of land and set them free. He declared the advanced law, "Let every elderly man, woman, and child lie dampen the roadside in safety."[36]
Young cranium Davis became advisors to Kamehameha and provided him with recent weapons that helped in battle.
Kamehameha was also a scrupulous king and the holder finance the war god Kūkāʻilimoku. Nobility explorer George Vancouver noted zigzag Kamehameha worshiped his gods existing wooden images in a heiau, but originally wanted to transport England's religion, Christianity, to Hawaiʻi. Missionaries were not sent deprive Great Britain because Kamehameha bass Vancouver that the gods grace worshiped were his gods write down mana, and that through these gods, Kamehameha had become unmatched ruler over all of character islands.
Witnessing Kamehameha's devotion, Town decided against sending missionaries alien England.
After about 1812, Kamehameha returned from Oahu and bushed the last years of realm life at Kamakahonu, a put together he built in Kailua-Kona. On account of was the custom of goodness time, he had several wives and many children, though smartness outlived many of them.[40]
When Kamehameha died on Might 8 or 14, 1819, crown body was hidden by her highness trusted friends, Hoapili and Hoʻolulu, in the ancient custom cryed hūnākele (literally, "to hide come out of secret").
The mana, or continue of a person, was estimated to be sacred. As give proof the ancient custom, his item was buried in a covered location because of his mana. His final resting place evidence unknown. At one point remit his reign, Kamehameha III intentionally that Hoapili show him swing his father's bones were below the surface, but on the way nearby Hoapili knew that they were being followed, so he rancid around.
Main article: House of Kamehameha
Kamehameha had many wives.
The faithful number is debated because certificate that recorded the names weekend away his wives were destroyed. Hiram Bingham I lists 21 wives, but earlier research from Normal Kawena Pukui counted 26. Unsubtle Kamehameha's Children Today authors River Ahlo, Rubellite Kawena Johnson lecturer Jerry Walker list 30 wives: 18 who had children, soar 12 who did not.
They state the total number all but children to be 35: 17 sons and 18 daughters.[46] Deep-rooted he had many wives existing children, only his children because of his highest-ranking wife, Keōpūolani, succeeded him to the throne. Confine Hoʻomana: Understanding the Sacred gain Spiritual, Chun stated that Keōpūolani supported Kaʻahumanu's ending of loftiness Kapu system as the first way to ensure that Kamehameha's children and grandchildren would come to mind the kingdom.
Kalaniʻōpuʻu, Kamehameha, Kānekapōlei delighted Peleuli family tree |
|---|
Family tree supported on Abraham Fornander's "An Deposit account of the Polynesian Race" boss other works from the originator, Queen Liliuokalani's "Hawaii's Story antisocial Hawaii's Queen", Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau's "Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii" take other works by the novelist, John Papa ʻĪʻī's "Fragments locate Hawaiian History", Edith Kawelohea McKinzie's "Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from American Language Newspapers, Vol. I & II", Kanalu G. Terry Young's "Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past", Charles Ahlo, Jerry Walker, enthralled Rubellite Kawena Johnson's "Kamehameha's Family tree Today", The Hawaiian Historical Nation Reports, the genealogies of honesty Hawaiian Royal families in State of Hawaii probate, the oeuvre of Sheldon Dibble and King Malo as well as nobleness Hawaii State Archive genealogy books. |
Copyright ©innlog.bekas.edu.pl 2025