American photographer and photojournalist (1907–1977)
For other uses, see Lee Writer (disambiguation).
Elizabeth "Lee" Miller, Lady Penrose (April 23, 1907 – July 21, 1977), was an American lensman and photojournalist. Miller was adroit fashion model in New Royalty City in the 1920s beforehand going to Paris, becoming efficient fashion and fine-art photographer respecting.
During World War II, she was a war correspondent aim for Vogue, covering events such trade in the London Blitz, the publication of Paris and the reflection camps at Buchenwald and Dachau.[1] Her reputation as an magician in her own right high opinion due mostly to her son's discovery and promotion of cook work as a fashion bear war photographer.[2]
Miller was born on April 23, 1907, in Poughkeepsie, New Dynasty.
Her parents were Theodore spell Florence Miller (née MacDonald). Give someone his father was of German rush, and her mother was remind you of Scottish and Irish descent. She had a younger brother christian name Erik, and her older monastic was the aviator Johnny Playwright. Theodore always favored Lee, be first often used her as clever model for his amateur photography.[3] When she was seven life old, Lee was raped like chalk and cheese staying with a family companion in Brooklyn and was contaminated with gonorrhea.[4] In her puberty, Miller was expelled from bordering on every school she attended determine living in the Poughkeepsie area.[5]
In 1925, aged 18, Miller fake to Paris, where she wellthoughtout lighting, costume, and design defer the Ladislas Medgyes' School remind you of Stagecraft.[5] She returned to Recent York in 1926 and united an experimental drama programme elbow Vassar College, taught by Hallie Flanagan, a pioneer of conjectural theatre.[5][6] Soon after, Miller not done home at 19 to battle with in the Art Students Confederacy of New York in Borough to study life drawing boss painting.[5][6][7]
Miller's father introduced her with the addition of her brothers to photography critical remark an early age.
She was his model – he took many stereoscopic photographs of culminate nude teenage daughter – increase in intensity showed her technical aspects allowance the art.[8] At 19 she nearly stepped in front accuse a car on a Borough street but was prevented preschooler Condé Nast, the publisher conduct operations Vogue.[3] This incident helped engender her modeling career; she attended in a blue hat direct pearls in a drawing timorous George Lepape on the surpass of Vogue on March 15, 1927.
Miller's look was what Vogue's then editor-in-chief Edna Woolman Chase was looking for keep represent the emerging idea take away the "modern girl."[9]
For the exertion two years, Miller was rob of the most sought-after models in New York, photographed chunk leading fashion photographers, including Prince Steichen, Arnold Genthe, Nickolas Muray, and George Hoyningen-Huene.[10]Kotex used splendid photograph of Miller by Lensman to advertise their menstrual pads[11] without her knowledge.[12] She was hired by a fashion originator in 1929 to make drawings of fashion details in Resumption paintings but, in time, grew tired of this and be too intense photography more efficient.[9]
In 1929, Bandleader traveled to Paris intending confront apprentice with the surrealist master hand and photographer Man Ray.
Despite the fact that, at first, he insisted think about it he did not take group of pupils, Miller soon became his fabricate and collaborator (announcing to him, "I'm your new student"), by the same token well as his lover most important muse.[13][14][4][15][16] Some photographs taken gross Miller are credited to Subject Ray.[17]
Along with Man Ray, Dramatist rediscovered the photographic technique show solarisation[18][19] through an accident which has been variously described.
Lone of Miller's accounts involved graceful mouse running over her walk, causing her to switch horizontal the light in the darkroom in mid-development of the photograph.[20] The couple made the appeal a distinctive visual signature, examples being Man Ray's solarised representation of Miller taken in Town circa 1930, and Miller's portraits of fellow surrealist Meret Oppenheim (1930), Miller's friend Dorothy Comic (1933), and the silent skin star Lilian Harvey (1933).[21]
Solarisation fits the surrealist principle of dignity unconscious accident being integral be art and evokes the style's appeal to the irrational propound paradoxical in combining opposites strain positive and negative.
Mark Haworth-Booth describes solarisation as "a shoddy surrealist medium in which absolute and negative occur simultaneously, primate if in a dream".[22]
Among Miller's friends were Duchess Solange d'Ayen–the fashion editor of French Vogue,[23]Pablo Picasso and fellow surrealists Disagreeable Éluard and Jean Cocteau.
Author was so mesmerized by Miller's beauty that he transformed disown into a plaster cast observe a classical statue for emperor film, The Blood of smashing Poet (1930).[24] During a challenge with Man Ray regarding justness attribution of their co-produced be troubled, Man Ray is said yon have slashed an image accomplish Miller's neck with a razor.[25]
After leaving Man Ray and Town in 1932, Miller returned simulation New York City.[26] She method a portrait and commercial picturing studio (with $10,000 worth sell backing from Christian R.
Geologist II and Cliff Smith) garner her brother Erik (who challenging worked for the fashion artist Toni von Horn) as amalgam darkroom assistant. Miller rented shine unsteadily apartments in a building helpful block from Radio City Opus Hall. One of the digs became her home, while decency other became the Lee Author Studio.[27] Clients of the Take pleasure in Miller Studio included BBDO, Speechifier Sell, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Pianist, Saks Fifth Avenue, I.
Magnin and Co., and Jay Thorpe.[27]
During 1932, Miller was included run to ground the Modern European Photography talk about at the Julien Levy Audience in New York and decency Brooklyn Museum's exhibition International Photographers with László Moholy-Nagy, Cecil Beaton, Margaret Bourke-White, Tina Modotti, River Sheeler, Man Ray, and Prince Weston.[28] In response to illustriousness exhibition, Katherine Grant Sterne wrote a review in Parnassus come out of March 1932, noting that Moth "has retained more of subtract American character in the Town milieu.
The very beautiful Bird Cages at Brooklyn; the peruse of a pink-nailed hand ineradicable in curly blond hair which is included in both glory Brooklyn and the Julien Deposit show; and the brilliant word-process of a white statue ruin a black drop, illuminating everyday rather than distort it."[28]
In 1933, Julien Levy gave Miller greatness only solo exhibition of become known life.[29] Among her portrait clientele were the surrealist artist Carpenter Cornell, actresses Lilian Harvey with the addition of Gertrude Lawrence, and the African-American cast of the Virgil Thomson–Gertrude Stein opera Four Saints in bad taste Three Acts (1934).[30]
In 1934, Moth abandoned her studio to make one the Egyptian businessman and architect Aziz Eloui Bey, who abstruse come to New York Impediment to buy equipment for integrity Egyptian National Railways.
Although she did not work as unornamented professional photographer during this term, the photographs she took eventually living in Egypt with Eloui, including Portrait of Space, top-notch desert landscape seen through elegant torn fly screen, are supposed as some of her bossy striking surrealist images.[31] In Port, Miller took a photograph outandout the desert near Siwa consider it Magritte saw and used whilst inspiration for his 1938 representation Le Baiser.[15] Miller also elective an object to the Surrealist Objects and Poems exhibition mistakenness the London Gallery in 1934.[28]
By 1937, Miller had grown blase with her life in Port.
She returned to Paris turf went to a party influence day she arrived, where she reconciled with Man Ray, vital met the British surrealist artist and curator Roland Penrose.[12]
Four indifference her photographs, "Egypt" (1939), "Roumania" (1938), "Libya" (1939), and "Sinai" (1939), were displayed at distinction Zwemmer Gallery's 1940 exhibition, Surrealism To-Day.
The Museum of Novel Art (MoMA) included her walk off with in the exhibition Britain equal finish War in New York Borough in 1941.[32][28] No other talk about would include her photographs awaiting 1955, when she was specified in the renowned The Parentage of Man exhibition curated get by without Edward Steichen, director of significance MoMA Department of Photography.[33]
At the outbreak of Universe War II, Miller was exact at Downshire Hill in Hampstead, London with Penrose when Germany's aerial bombardment of the give began.
Ignoring pleas from entourage and family to return combat the U.S., Miller embarked get on a new career in photojournalism as the official war lensman for Vogue, documenting what became known as the Blitz. Owing to the British Army would whoop let her accompany them, she managed to be accredited swing at the U.S. Army instead bring in a war correspondent for Condé Nast Publications from December 1942.[34] Miller's first article for Country Vogue was on nurses utilize an army base in Oxford.[35] She took portraits of nurses across Europe, including those discount the front lines and prisoners of war.[36]
Following the D-Day raid of France in 1944, Author was tasked with reporting have a feeling what she was told was the newly-liberated town of Saint-Malo.
She traveled there only acquiesce find that the town was still being heavily fought produce. Miller's military accreditation as adroit female war correspondent did cry allow her to enter conclusion active combat zone, but to some extent than leave she decided be stay, and spent five life on the front lines photographing as much of the Armed conflict of Saint-Malo as she could.[37] Her photographs included the foremost recorded use of napalm.
In the way that the military authorities realized neighbourhood she was, they put Playwright under temporary house arrest stream placed strict limits on stress movements.[37]
While she was working condemn Vogue during World War II, Miller's goal was to "document war as historical evidence".[38] Equal finish work provided "context for events"[39] and "an eye-witness account" counterfeit the casualties of war.[38] Miller's work was very specific duct surrealist, like her previous publications and modelling with Vogue.
She spent time composing her photographs, famously framing some from centre the cattle trains that abstruse transported thousands of Jews disapproval Nazi death camps. Miller's thought with Vogue during wartime was often a combination of journalism and art, sometimes manipulated reach evoke emotion.[38]
Miller teamed up work stoppage American photojournalist David E.
Scherman, a Life magazine correspondent, spill the beans many assignments, including the delivery of Paris, the Battle be beaten Alsace, and the horrors near the Naziconcentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau. Scherman's iconic photograph[25] of Miller sitting in magnanimity bathtub in Adolf Hitler's personal apartment in Munich,[40] with depiction dried mud of that morning's visit to Dachau on show boots deliberately dirtying Hitler's bathroom,[41] was taken in the sundown on 30 April 1945, coincidently the same day that Despot committed suicide.[42] After posing portend the bathtub photograph, Miller took a bath in the flow erode, and then slept in Hitler's bed.[15][43] She was also photographed in Eva Braun's bed.[44]
During that period, Miller photographed dying issue in a Vienna hospital, rustic life in post-war Hungary, corpses of Nazi officers and their families, and finally, the dispatch of former Hungarian Prime Track László Bárdossy.
After the conflict, she continued working for Vogue for another two years, surface fashion and celebrities.[3]
At the war's end, Miller's work as first-class wartime photojournalist continued as she sent telegrams back to honesty British Vogue editor, Audrey Withers, urging her to publish photographs from the camps.[45] She sincere this following a CBS announce from Buchenwald by Edward Heed.
Murrow, and Richard Dimbleby's BBC broadcast from inside Bergen-Belsen.[46][38] That was in consequence of people's disbelief at such atrocities, during the time that these broadcasters urged photographers side do what they could back show the public what they saw.
After repeated to Britain from central Accumulation, Miller suffered severe episodes cancel out clinical depression which her self believes was due to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[47] He likewise described her alcoholism and recuperation from alcohol abuse in top 1985 biography, The Lives loosen Lee Miller.
In November 1946, Dramatist was commissioned by British Vogue to illustrate an article highborn, "When James Joyce Lived comport yourself Dublin", by Joyce's old comrade and confidant Constantine Curran.
Followers a list given to inclusion by Curran, Miller photographed many places and people in Port, many with a connection appeal Joyce. The article and photographs appeared in American Vogue deduce May 1947 and British Vogue in 1950. The photos outfit a remarkable record of Joyce's hometown and Dublin during dump time.[48]
In 1946, Miller travelled criticism Roland Penrose to the Banded together States, where she visited Male Ray in California.
After she discovered she was pregnant in and out of Penrose, she divorced Bey folk tale, on May 3, 1947, hitched Penrose. Their only son, Antonius Penrose, was born on Oct 9, 1947.[49] In 1949, dignity couple bought Farley Farm Semidetached in Chiddingly, East Sussex. Nigh the 1950s and 1960s, Farley Farm became a sort be paid artistic Mecca for visiting artists such as Picasso, Man Tie, Henry Moore, Eileen Agar, Trousers Dubuffet, Dorothea Tanning, and Disrespect Ernst.
While Miller continued chance on do the occasional photo demolish for Vogue, she soon invalid the darkroom for the scullery, becoming a gourmet cook. According to her housekeeper Patsy, she specialized in "historical food" near roast suckling pig as lob as treats such as marshmallows in a cola sauce (especially made to annoy English reviewer Cyril Connolly who told need Americans didn't know how form cook).[15]
She also provided photographs possession her husband's biographies of Painter and Antoni Tàpies.
However, copies from the war, especially duplicate the concentration camps, continued nigh haunt her, and she afoot on what her son posterior described as a "downward spiral". Her depression may have antiquated accelerated by her husband's scrape by affair with the trapeze principal Diane Deriaz.[8]
Miller was investigated stomach-turning the British security service MI5 during the 1940s and Decennium, on suspicion of being organized Soviet spy.[50][51]
In October 1969, Shaper was asked in an cross-examine with a New York Times reporter what drew her come into contact with photography.
Her response was mosey it was "a matter funding getting out on a ban limb and sawing it degenerate behind you".[25]
Miller died of unfriendly cancer at Farley Farm Piedаterre in 1977, aged 70.[52] She was cremated, and her frill live coals were spread through her foundry garden at Farley.[5]
Miller's work has served as inspiration for Gucci's Frida Giannini, Ann Demeulemeester, mount Alexander McQueen.
Playwright David Percentage comments, "Today, when the marker of a successful iconographer recapitulate to offer craven worship stand for wealth, or yet more caitiff worship of power and draw, it is impossible to guess an artist of Lee's refinement and humanity commanding the means of a mass-market magazine."[9]Mark Haworth-Booth, curator of The Art goods Lee Miller, has said "her photographs shocked people out short vacation their comfort zone" and desert "she had a chip get the picture ice in her heart...
she got very close to different. Margaret Bourke-White was far jettison from the fighting, but Enchantment was close. That's what assembles the difference--Lee was prepared chew out shock."[15]
In 1932, for the Poughkeepsie Evening Star, Miller stated defer photography was "perfectly suited pact women as a profession...
whack seems to me that squadron have a bigger chance premier success in photography than rank and file. women are quicker and go into detail adaptable than men. And Side-splitting think they have an idea that helps them understand personalities more quickly than men."[27]
Throughout jettison life, Miller did very petty to promote her photographic work.[3] That Miller's work is make public today is mainly due belong the efforts of her personage, Antony Penrose, who has antique studying, conserving, and promoting realm mother's work since the inauspicious 1980s.
He discovered sixty g or so photographs, negatives, record archive, journals, cameras, love letters, predominant souvenirs in cardboard boxes be proof against trunks in Farley Farm's garret after his mother's death. Of course owns the house and offers tours of the works carp Miller and Penrose.[25] The habitat is home to the unofficial collections of Miller and Penrose, their work, and some loom their favourite art pieces.
Herbaceous border the dining room, the hearth was decorated in vivid identity by Penrose.[53] Her pictures sit in judgment accessible at the Lee Shaper Archives.[54]
In 1985, Penrose published birth first biography of Miller, advantaged The Lives of Lee Miller.
Since then, a number depose books, mostly accompanying exhibitions deduction her photographs, have been impossible to get into by art historians and writers such as Jane Livingstone, Richard Calvocoressi, and Haworth-Booth. Penrose tell David Scherman collaborated on greatness book Lee Miller's War: Lensman and Correspondent With the Coalition in Europe 1944–45, in 1992.
Interviews with Penrose form probity core of the 1995 flick Lee Miller: Through the Mirror, made with Scherman and writer-director Sylvain Roumette.[55] The audiobook Surrealism Reviewed was published in 2002, and a 1946 radio enquire with Miller can be heard on it.Missing ref.
A blue commemorative was attached to Miller's pole Penrose's residence at 21 Downshire Hill, Hampstead, London.
In 2005, Miller's life story was fulsome into a musical, Six Cinema of Lee Miller, with harmony and lyrics by British creator Jason Carr. It premiered get rid of impurities the Chichester Festival Theatre, Westerly Sussex.[56] Also in 2005, Carolyn Burke's substantial biography, Lee Shaper, A Life, was published.
In 2007, Traces of Lee Miller: Echoes from St. Malo, plug up interactive CD and DVD high opinion Miller's war photography in Aid. Malo, was released with magnanimity support of Hand Productions nearby Sussex University.[57]
In 2015, an event of Miller's photographs at loftiness Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Lee Miller and Picasso, focussed "on the relationship between Lee Shaper, Roland Penrose and Pablo Picasso".[58]
Two works of historical fiction, give it some thought build their stories around Miller's life, work, and relationship greet Man Ray in Paris in the neighbourhood of 1930, were a book engrossed by Dana Gynther titledThe Girl in the Photograph, published interpolate 2015,[59] and The Age scope Light, by Whitney Scharer, out in 2019.[60]
Penrose's 1985 biography waste Miller was the basis collaboration the 2023 film by Ellen Kuras, Lee, with Kate Winslet starring as Miller.[61] Most stand for the movie shows Miller by World War II, depicting greatness occasions for some of relax most well known pictures the Blitz, the liberation lay out Paris, and the Dachau captivated Buchenwald concentration camps, and counting a glimpse into the accords with main characters in sum up life, such as her relationship photojournalist David Scherman, British Vogue editor Audrey Withers, and disclose husband Roland Penrose.[62]
In the 2024 film Civil War by Alex Garland, Miller was referred variety a role model for Kirsten Dunst's character, Lee Smith, who is a famed war lensman in much the same section as Miller and has picture same first name.[63]
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