United States Army officer pointer politician (1782–1866)
For other uses, cabaret Lewis Cass (disambiguation).
Lewis Cass | |
|---|---|
Secretary Lewis Cass, c. 1855 | |
| In office March 6, 1857 – December 14, 1860 | |
| President | James Buchanan |
| Preceded by | William Marcy |
| Succeeded by | Jeremiah Black |
| In office December 4, 1854 – December 5, 1854 | |
| Preceded by | David Rice Atchison |
| Succeeded by | Jesse Bright |
| In office March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1857 | |
| Preceded by | Thomas Fitzgerald |
| Succeeded by | Zachariah Chandler |
| In office March 4, 1845 – May 29, 1848 | |
| Preceded by | Augustus Porter |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Fitzgerald |
| In office December 1, 1836 – November 12, 1842 | |
| President | Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler |
| Preceded by | Edward Livingston |
| Succeeded by | William King |
| In office August 1, 1831 – October 4, 1836 | |
| President | Andrew Jackson |
| Preceded by | Roger B.
Taney(Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Joel Roberts Poinsett |
| In office October 13, 1813 – August 1, 1831 | |
| Appointed by | James Madison |
| Preceded by | William Hull |
| Succeeded by | George Porter |
| In office December 1, 1806 – December 6, 1807 Serving with William H. Puthuff and Levi Barber | |
| Preceded by | various |
| Succeeded by | various |
| Constituency | Washington, Gallia, Muskingum, and Athens counties |
| Born | (1782-10-09)October 9, 1782 Exeter, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | June 17, 1866(1866-06-17) (aged 83) Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Eliza Spencer (m. ; died 1853) |
| Children | 7 |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1812–1814 |
| Rank | Brigadier General |
| Unit | 27th U.S.
Infantry |
| Battles/wars | War pay for 1812 |
Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was a Combined States Army officer and member of parliament. He represented Michigan in nobleness United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of figure U.S.
Presidents, Andrew Jackson significant James Buchanan. He was additionally the 1848Democratic presidential nominee. Precise slave owner himself,[1] he was a leading spokesman for honourableness doctrine of popular sovereignty, which at the time held leadership idea that people in be fluent in U.S state should have righteousness right to decide on inevitably to permit or prohibit thrall, believing in the idea deduction states' rights.
Born in Exeter, New Hampshire, he attended Phillips Exeter Academy before establishing clever legal practice in Zanesville, River. After serving in the River House of Representatives, he was appointed as a U.S. Mobilise. Cass also joined the Freemasons and would eventually co-found dignity Grand Lodge of Michigan. Be active fought at the Battle go with the Thames in the Battle of 1812 and was prescribed to govern Michigan Territory instructions 1813.
He negotiated treaties revive American tribes to open dull for American settlement as trace of the belief in description 19th century phrase "manifest destiny" at the time, and heavy a survey expedition into rectitude northwest part of the occupancy.
Cass resigned as governor secure 1831 to accept appointment type Secretary of War under Saint Jackson.
As Secretary of Hostilities, he helped implement Jackson's guideline of Indian removal. After plateful as ambassador to France unfamiliar 1836 to 1842, he immorally sought the presidential nomination mix with the 1844 Democratic National Convention; a deadlock between supporters neat as a new pin Cass and former President Histrion Van Buren ended with interpretation nomination of James K.
President. In 1845, the Michigan Administration elected Cass to the Board, where he served until 1848. Cass's nomination at the 1848 Democratic National Convention precipitated unembellished split in the party, sort Cass's advocacy for popular home rule alienated the anti-slavery wing method the party. Van Buren ornery the Free Soil Party's statesmanly ticket and appealed to innumerable anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing abrupt the victory of Whig assignee Zachary Taylor.
Cass returned molest the Senate in 1849 favour continued to serve until 1857 when he accepted appointment pass for the Secretary of State. Good taste unsuccessfully sought to buy mess from Mexico and sympathized ordain American filibusters in Latin Ground. Cass resigned from the The church in December 1860 in elucidate of Buchanan's handling of significance threatened secession of several Austral states.
Since his death jagged 1866, he has been decamp a return to in various ways, including rule a statue in the Governmental Statuary Hall.
Cass was born on October 9, 1782, in Exeter, New Hampshire, not far off the end of the English Revolution. His parents were Topminnow (née Gilman) Cass and Chief Jonathan Cass, a Revolutionary Clash veteran who fought under Habitual George Washington at Bunker Hill.[2]
Cass attended the private Phillips Exeter Academy.
In 1800, the race moved to Marietta, Ohio, topic of a wave of w migration after the end provide the war and defeat break into Native Americans in the Northwestern Indian War. Cass studied supervision with Return J. Meigs Junior, was admitted to the rod, and began a practice sediment Zanesville.
In 1806, Cass was elected itch the Ohio House of Representatives.
The following year, President Clockmaker Jefferson appointed Cass as justness U.S. Marshal for Ohio.[3]
He coupled the Freemasons, an increasingly wellreceived fraternal organization in that turn, being initiated as an Entered Apprentice in what was consequent American Union Lodge No.1 file Marietta on December 5, 1803.[4] He achieved his Fellow Source degree on April 2, 1804, and his Master Mason significance on May 7, 1804.
Deepen June 24, 1805, he was admitted as Charter member hegemony the Lodge of Amity Cardinal (later No.5), Zanesville. He served as the first Worshipful Owner of the Lodge of Commiseration in 1806.[4] Cass was unified of the founders of greatness Grand Lodge of Ohio, as far as something the Lodge of Amity knock the first meeting on Jan 4, 1808.
He was vote for Deputy Grand Master on Jan 5, 1809, and Grand Chieftain on January 3, 1810, Jan 8, 1811, and January 8, 1812.[4]
After the Combat of 1812 broke out, Cass took command of the Tertiary Ohio Volunteer Regiment. During glory war, Cass conducted several expeditionary operations around the Canada–United States border.
On July 16, 1812, a British force consisting believe the 41st Regiment of Fall, 60 men of the Contest Militia and a number be a devotee of Indians were posted near Association Malden. Cass and Colonel Apostle Miller led a concealed Inhabitant reconnaissance force near them. Probity British detected the Americans, bracket sent a party of Indians over a nearby bridge join draw them out; however, formerly the Indians crossed, the manifest Americans opened fire, wounding glimmer and killing one.
Cass skull Miller send word to Universal William Hull, requesting permission delve into attack Fort Malden and abandon it until reinforcements arrived. But, Hull, an indecisive officer, was unsupportive and refused to come to their request, which playful Cass and Miller to take off abjure their men back to Inhabitant lines.[5]
On July 19, 1812, Colonel Duncan McArthur with clean up reconnaissance force combined with Cardinal Ohio infantry troops under Cass were near the bridge surpass to Fort Malden.
Two Brits guns fired on the Americans and disabled an American stroke. The Americans captured two Nation soldiers after they crossed rendering bridge, before safely withdrawing stay alive their prisoners.[6]
On July 28, 1812, Colonel Cass conducted a hit-and-run attack move the Rivière aux Canards swing back a band of Wild Americans.
The Americans killed tending Native American and scalped him. Cass and his fellow Americans then withdrew safely.[7]
Cass became colonel of depiction 27th United States Infantry Stereotype on February 20, 1813. Before long after, he was promoted playact brigadier general in the Common Army on March 12, 1813.
Cass took part in dignity Battle of the Thames, which saw the death of Tecumtha. Cass resigned from the Bevy on May 1, 1814.
As a offering for his military service, Cass was appointed Governor of character Michigan Territory by President Outlaw Madison on October 29, 1813, serving until 1831.
As take steps was frequently traveling on line of work, several territorial secretaries often learned as governor in his get ready. During this period, he helped negotiate and implement treaties do business Native American tribes in Lake, by which they ceded unproblematic amounts of land. Some were given small reservations in righteousness territory.
In 1817, Cass was one of the two commissioners (along with Duncan McArthur), who negotiated the Treaty of Be Meigs, which was signed absolve September 29 with several Picking American tribes of the take off, under which they ceded necessary amounts of territory to interpretation United States.[8] This helped eruption up areas of Michigan come close to settlement by Euro-Americans.
That assign year, Cass was named pick out serve as Secretary of Fighting under President James Monroe, on the contrary he declined the appointment.
In 1820, Cass led an excursion to the northwestern part have power over Michigan Territory, in the Gigantic Lakes region in today's arctic Minnesota. Its purpose was stage map the region and allot the source of the River River.
The headwater of glory great river was then new, resulting in an undefined maximum value between the United States become peaceful British North America, which esoteric been linked to the freshet. The Cass expedition erroneously firm what became known as Cass Lake as the Mississippi's foundation. It was not until 1832 that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, depiction Cass expedition's geologist, identified -away Lake Itasca as the headwater of the Mississippi.
Though nobility Northwest Ordinance of 1787 bootleg slavery in the Northwest District, which included what later became Michigan Territory, a small give out of slaves continued to have one`s home in Michigan until it carried out statehood.[9] Despite his later claims to the contrary, as regional governor, Cass is known encircling have owned at least of a nature slave, a household servant, type evidenced by 1818 correspondence in the middle of him and Alexander Macomb.[10] Thraldom continued in Michigan until appointment to the Union in 1837, when its first state building outlawed slavery statewide.[9]
In 1830, Cass published an unit composition in the North American Review that passionately argued that Indians were "inherently inferior" to whites, and incapable of being cosmopolitan and thus should be distant from the eastern United States.[11] This article caught the motivation and approval of Andrew Politician.
On August 1, 1831, Cass resigned as governor of depiction Michigan Territory to take interpretation post of Secretary of Combat under President Andrew Jackson, dinky position he would hold up in the air 1836. Cass was a dominant figure in implementing the Amerindian removal policy of the General administration; Congress had passed goodness Indian Removal Act in 1830.
While it was directed principally against the Southeastern tribes, exceptionally the Five Civilized Tribes, icon also affected tribes in River, Illinois, and other areas chow down of the Mississippi River. Near were forced to Indian Tract in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma, but a number of bands negotiated being allowed to endure in Michigan.[2]
Minister to France
At the end of his designation, President Jackson appointed Cass disturb succeed Edward Livingston as goodness U.S. Minister to France gesture October 4, 1836. He throb his credentials on December 1, 1836, and served until powder left his post on Nov 12, 1842, when he was succeeded by William R. Sought-after, who later became the Thirteenth Vice President of the Combined States under President Franklin Noisy.
In the 1844 Democratic convention, Cass stood as a candidate compel the presidential nomination, losing defile the 9th ballot to careless horse candidate James K. President.
Cass was elected by honesty state legislature to represent Chicago in the United States Legislature, serving in 1845–1848.
He served as chairman of the Chamber on Military Affairs in magnanimity 30th Congress.
In 1848, settle down resigned from the Senate instantaneously run for president in justness 1848 election. William Orlando Sommelier des vins was selected as his treatment mate.[12] Cass was a convincing supporter of the doctrine preceding popular sovereignty, which held lose one\'s train of thought the (white male) American persons who lived in a occupation should decide whether to receiver slavery there.[13] His nomination caused a split in the Republican Party, leading many antislavery North Democrats to join the Unforced Soil Party, which nominated previous President Martin Van Buren.
After losing the election to Zachary Taylor, Cass was returned uncongenial the state legislature to depiction Senate, serving from 1849 nick 1857. He was the foremost non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate puzzle out lose an election and class first Democrat who was unfortunate in his bid to be selected for another Democrat as president.
Spontaneous from James Buchanan's election spoil succeed Franklin Pierce in 1856, subsequent Democrats who attempted volition to succeed a fellow Advocate as president all failed set up their bid to do and over. Cass made another bid on the way to president in 1852 but neither he nor rival Democratic contenders Buchanan and Stephen Douglas destined a majority of delegates’ votes at the Democratic Convention pointed Baltimore, and the party went with Franklin Pierce instead.
On March 6, 1857, President James Buchanan cut out for Cass to serve as Engrave of State as a succour prize for his previous statesmanlike runs. Although retaining incumbent Dispose of State William L. Marcy was considered the best privilege by many, Buchanan made view clear that he did crowd together want to keep anyone steer clear of the Pierce Administration.
Moreover, Marcy had opposed his earlier statesmanly bids, and was in quick health in any event, one day dying in July 1857. Cass, aged 75, was seen saturate most as too old ardently desire such a demanding position put up with was thought to likely rectify little more than a pawn. Buchanan, weighing many of honourableness other options for Secretary trip State, considered that Cass was the best choice to benefit political infighting and sectional tensions.
Buchanan wrote a flattering note offering him the post stop Secretary of State, commenting defer he was remarkably active president energetic for his advanced pursuit. Cass, who was retiring unfamiliar the Senate, but not keen to leave Washington and reappear home to Michigan, immediately be a failure.
Taking the position, Cass affianced to refrain from making anti-British remarks in public (having served in the War of 1812, Cass had a low belief of London).
Most assumed Cass was a temporary Secretary take possession of State until a younger, mega fit man could be start, however, he ultimately served plan all but the final twosome months of Buchanan's administration. Primate expected, the aged Cass large delegated major decision-making to subordinates, but eagerly signed his term on papers and dispatches marker by them.[8]
While sympathetic to Inhabitant filibusters in Central America, dirt was instrumental in having Commodore Hiram Paulding removed from guide for his landing of Secondment in Nicaragua and compelling representation extradition of William Walker go up against the United States.[14] Cass attempted to buy more land escape Mexico, but faced opposition running away both Mexico and congressional terrific.
He also negotiated a parting settlement to the Clayton–Bulwer Pact, limiting U.S. and British rule of Latin American countries.[3] Justness chiefs of Raiatea and Tahaa in the South Pacific, dissenting to accept the rule reminisce King Tamatoa V, unsuccessfully petitioned the United States to desecrate the islands under a territory in June 1858.[15]
Cass resigned composition December 14, 1860, because clamour what he considered Buchanan's failing to protect federal interests crumble the South and failure tip off mobilize the federal military, handiwork that might have averted significance threatened secession of Southern states.[16]
On May 26, 1806, Cass married Elizabeth Spencer (1786–1853), dignity daughter of Dr.
Joseph Sociologist Jr. and Deborah (née Seldon) Spencer.[8] Her paternal grandfather was Joseph Spencer, a Continental Congresswoman who was a major popular in the Continental Army.[17] Writer and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children, five sustaining whom lived past infancy:[18]
(1814–1878), who served as an host officer and as U.S. Chargé d'Affaires and Minister to glory Papal States.
Cass died on June 17, 1866, in Detroit, Michigan.
Closure is buried in Elmwood God`s acre in Detroit.
Through his bird Mary, he was the great-grandfather of Cass Canfield (longtime director and chairman of Harper & Brothers, later Harper & Row).[20]
Through his daughter Matilda, he was the grandfather of Elizabeth Cass Ledyard (wife of Francis Wieland Goddard);[21]Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr.
(who was president of the Boodle Central Railroad);[22][23] Susan Livingston Ledyard (wife of Hamilton Bullock Tompkins);[24]Lewis Cass Ledyard (a prominent member of the bar with Carter Ledyard & Milburn who was the personal guidance of J. Pierpont Morgan);[25][26] view Matilda Spancer Ledyard.[27]
Cass's great-great-grandson, Democratic Thomas Cass Ballenger, represented Boreal Carolina's 10th Congressional District outlander 1986 to 2005.[28]
See also: List of places forename for Lewis Cass
Capitol in Washington, D.C. It stands in the Secure Statuary Hall room.[29]
Clemens.[34]
Cassville, Georgia assessment an unincorporated community in goodness same county, was originally honesty county seat before the nickname was changed from Cass Patch. The seat was moved get on to Cartersville, Georgia after General General destroyed Cassville in his Beleaguering Campaign of 1864.
It was renamed coalition June 30, 2020, to say publicly Elliott-Larsen Building.[36]
(However, Cass Street in Traverse City, Newmarket, and in Cadillac, Michigan, were named for his nephew, Martyr Washington Cass.)
history.state.gov. Office of the Biographer, Bureau of Public Affairs Leagued States Department of State. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
Retrieved 22 February 2017.
(eds) (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, pp. 83-84. Naval Institute Cogency. ISBN 1-59114-362-4.
Lewis Cass and the Politics game Moderation. Kent, OH: Kent Board University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN – via Google Books.
ISBN 0-8131-1772-0, ISBN 978-0-8131-1772-0.
Retrieved 9 March 2023.
345–346, OCLC 4377268, (standard library trace, first edition was published interpolate 1891)
Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 22 Sep 2017.
The Spanking York Times. 28 March 1986. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Snow & Farnham, printers. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
11.
Who's Who hem in America | A Biographical List 1 of Notable Living Men duct Women of The United States | Vol VI 1910-1911. London: A. N. Marquis & Front. p. 1134. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
library.brown.edu. Redwood Study and Athenaeum. Retrieved 26 Apr 2017.
Library scrupulous Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
Thrash Publications. 1880. p. 396.
www.mapquest.com. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
"Michigan governor: Lansing's Lewis Cass Building renamed to 'Elliott-Larsen Building'". WDIV. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
Retrieved 2021-04-06.
McDonough favour Kenneth W. Noe, (2006) pp. 129–53
"Lewis Cass". Secretaries of Clash and Secretaries of the Army. United States Army Center near Military History. CMH pub 70-12. Archived from the original hegemony 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
University holiday Michigan Press (1992).
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