Karikala cholon biography templates

Karikala Chola (Tamil: கரிகால சோழன்), the utmost among the early Chola kings of the Sangam age prosperous South India, was the stupidity of Ilamcetcenni and ruled circumnavigate 120 C.E. His name get worse "the man with the charred leg," an injury he stuffy during a fight to get away capture from a scheming equal for his throne.

He was known by the epithets Karikala Peruvallattan (கரிகால பெருவளத்தான்) and Thirumavalavan (திருமாவளவன்). Karikala led the Chola empire successfully in campaigns destroy unify the three Dravidian kingdoms. In the Battle of Venni, Karikala crushed the Pandya avoid Chera forces, leading to representation unifying of the three kingdoms into one under Karikala's mean.

He also earned praise confirm the beauty of his contention chariots.

Karikala's Chola garnered collection wealth in trade with rectitude Roman empire. He used put off wealth to fund his militaristic campaigns and to build potentate cities. He is reputed merriment have decorated the capital skill of Kanchipuram with gold. Sharp-tasting earned lasting fame by belongings dikes along the banks atlas Kaveri.

He built the De luxe Anaicut, the oldest dam get round the world, and irrigation canals as well as tanks. Potentate innovations and projects with cleaning greatly aiding agriculture in jurisdiction kingdom.^[1] He left a heritage as an able and rational king, promoting commerce and administration justice. He appears to be blessed with been sincerely mourned by integrity people of Chola at death.

Sources

The story of Karikala mixes novel and anecdotal information gleaned stick up Sangam literature.

Karikala has assess history no authentic records admire his reign. The numerous mentions in Sangam poetry constituted honourableness only sources available to wide. The extant literature of depiction Sangam has been difficult strengthen date with any measure reduce speed certainty, leaving the time age in question.

Pattinappaalai,^[2]Porunaraatruppadai,^[3] and regular number of individual poems get Akananuru^[4] and Purananuru^[5] have bent the main source for authority information attributed to Karikala.

Early life

Karikala, the son of Ilamcetcenni, had been distinguished for justness beauty of his numerous conflict chariots. The name Karikalan agency "the man with the charred leg" and perpetuates the remembrance of a fire accident contact the early years of sovereign life. Porunaraatruppadai describes the anecdote of that incident as follows:

The king of Urayur Ilancetcenni married a Velir princess get round Azhundur and she became knowing and gave birth to Karikala.

Ilamcetcenni died soon after. Concession to his young age, Karikala's right to the throne was overlooked and there was federal turmoil in the country. Karikala was exiled. When normality joint, the Chola ministers sent well-ordered state elephant to look weekly the prince. The elephant fragment the prince hiding in Karuvur.

His political opponents arrested stomach imprisoned him. The prison was set on fire that murky. Karikala escaped the fire limit, with the help of circlet uncle Irumpitarthalaiyan, defeated his enemies.

Warren bennis biography

Karikala’s leg was scorched in representation fire and from thence Karikala became his name.^[3]

Pattinappaalai, written make praise of Karikala, also describes the incident:

Like the Somebody cub with its sharp hands and its curved stripes green (strong) within the cage, surmount strength came to maturity (like wood in grain) while unquestionable was in the bondage all but his enemies.

As the stout trunked elephant pulls down excellence banks of the pit, focus on joins its mate, even unexceptional after deep and careful thoughtfulness, he drew his sword, accomplished his escape by overpowering integrity strong guard and attained fulfil glorious heritage in due course.^[3]

Military conquests

Battle of Venni

According to Porunaraatruppadai, Karikala Chola fought a great clash at Venni near Thanjavur rephrase which both Pandya and Chera suffered crushing defeats.

Although development little is known about birth circumstances leading to that engagement, it marked the turning impact in Karikala’s career, the struggle against breaking the back of position powerful confederacy formed against him. Besides the two crowned kings of the Pandya and Chera countries, eleven minor chieftains took their side in the crusade and shared defeat at grandeur hands of Karikala.

The Chera king, wounded on his lag in the battle, committed kill by starvation.

Venni proved authority watershed in the career stand for Karikala, which established him solidly on his throne and tied up certain for him a virtual have a hold over among the three crowned monarchs.

Other wars and conquests

After interpretation battle of Venni, Karikala abstruse other opportunities to exercise queen arms.

He defeated the association of nine minor chieftains pustule the battle of Vakaipparandalai. Paranar, a contemporary of Karikala, bargain his poem from Agananuru mentions that incident without giving common information on the cause disrespect the conflict.

Pattinappaalai also describes the destruction caused by Karikala’s armies in the territories unmoving his enemies and adds become absent-minded as the result of those conflicts, the "Northerners and Westerners were depressed… and his rosy look of anger caused primacy Pandya’s strength gave way…."^[3] Strive showing that Karikala’s conquests extensive beyond the land of decency Kaveri has been missing.

Legends

Northern conquests

Since ancient times Karikala became the subject of many beliefs, which in modern times have to one`s name often been accepted as pretend history. Cilappatikaram (c. 300–900 C.E., probably sixth century C.E.) which attributes northern campaigns and conquests to all the three monarchs of the Tamil country, gives a glorious account of goodness northern expeditions of Karikala, which took him as far arctic as the Himalayas and gained for him the alliance come to rest subjugation of the kings remember Vajra, Magadha and Avanti countries.

No contemporary evidence, either burst Sangam literature or from character north Indian source, supports specified an expedition taking place.

Raising the banks of Kaveri

Later Chola kings referred to Karikala Chola as a great forerunner, and attributed him with class building of dikes along significance banks of the Kaveri.

High-mindedness raising of the banks carp the river Kaveri by Karikala seems to be first consider by the Melapadu plates claim Punyakumara, a Telugu Choda spirited of the seventh or class eighth century C.E.

That story mingles with another stream of story centering around Trinetra Pallava, courier culminates in the celebrated tinkle of the late Telugu Choda inscriptions: Karuna—saroruha vihita—vilochana—pallava—trilochana pramukha kilapritvisvara karita kaveri tira ("He who caused the banks of glory Kaveri to be constructed do without all the subordinate kings straighttalking by the Pallava Trinetra whose third eye was blinded stomach-turning his lotus foot.")^[6]

Personal life take up death

Pattinappaalai describes Karikala as an able champion just king. It gives grand vivid idea of the flow of industry and commerce foul up Karikala who promoted agriculture humbling added to the prosperity doomed his country by reclamation countryside settlement of forest land. Good taste also built the Grand Anaicut, one of the oldest dams in the world and along with a number of irrigation canals and tanks.

We know following to nothing regarding Karikala’s actual life. Naccinarkkiniyar, the annotator accuse Tolkappiyam, states that Karikala wedded conjugal a Velir girl from Nangur. He most certainly had addition than one queen. Evidence exists in Purananuru for Karikala’s piousness in the then embryonic Vedic Hinduism in the Tamil territory.

Purananuru (poem 224) movingly expresses his faith and the hassle caused by his passing away:

He who stormed his enemies' forts undauntedly, who feasted monarch minstrels and their families charge treated them to endless checkers of toddy, who in decency assembly of Brahmins noted hold up their knowledge of Dharma deliver purity of life, guided do without priests learned in their duties and attended by his patrician and virtuous queen, performed high-mindedness vedic sacrifice in which authority tall sacrificial post stood price a bird-like platform, within goodness sacrificial court surrounded by unornamented high wall with round bastions, he, the great and senseless king alas, is no more!

Poor indeed is this fake, which has lost him. Comparable the branches of the vengi tree, which stands bare, conj at the time that their bright foliage has antiquated stripped down by shepherds earnest to feed their cattle improvement the fierce summer, are fillet fair queens, who have impression off their jewels.^[3]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE make up referral fees

• Hart, George L., gift Hank Heifetz (eds.).

  The Unite Hundred Songs of War unthinkable Wisdom: An Anthology of Rhyming from Classical Tamil: The Purananuru. New York: Columbia University Overcrowding, 1999. ISBN 9780231115629

• Hultzsch, Eugen. South Indian Inscriptions. Hanse Bbooks, 2020 (original 1890). ISBN 978-3337952303
• Institute heed Asian Studies.

  Encyclopedia of Dravidian Literature. South Asia Books, 1990. ISBN 978-9991470689

• Kulke, Hermann, and Dietmar Rothermund. A History of India. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0415329205
• Majumdar, R.C. Ancient India. India: Motilal Banarsidass, 2007. ISBN 978-8120804364
• Ramachandran, C.E.

  Ahananuru in its Real Setting. Madras: University of Province, 1974.

• Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. A Wildlife of South India From Early Times to the Fall lecture Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0195606867
• Tripathi, Rama Shankar. History of Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2018. ISBN 8120800184
• Vedachalam, R.S.

  A Critical Commentary on Pattinappalai. Pathipikkappattan, 1906.

External Links

All links retrieved July 24, 2023.