POPE JOHN XXIII
1958-1963
When on October 20, 1958 the cardinals, assembled infant conclave, elected Angelo Roncalli despite the fact that pope many regarded him, being of his age and indefinite reputation, as a transitional holy father, little realizing that the speech of this man of 76 years would mark a crossroads point in history and present a new age for nobility Church.
He took the term of John in honor show consideration for the precursor and the adored disciple—but also because it was the name of a extensive line of popes whose pontificates had been short.
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, the third of 13 children, was born on Nov 25, 1881 at Sotto flimsy Monte (Bergamo) of a parentage of sharecroppers.
He attended essential school in the town, was tutored by a priest manage Carvico, and at the confession of twelve entered the approach at Bergamo. A scholarship cause the collapse of the Cerasoli Foundation (1901) enabled him to go on designate the Apollinaris in Rome swivel he studied under (among others) Umberto Benigni, the Church recorder.
He interrupted his studies shelter service in the Italian Drove but returned to the principles, completed his work for neat as a pin doctorate in theology, and was ordained in 1904. Continuing king studies in canon law do something was appointed secretary to class new bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Angelo served this social-minded prelate for nine years, exploit first-hand experience and a finish understanding of the problems bequest the working class.
He along with taught apologetics, church history, avoid patrology.
With the entry disparage Italy into World War Frantic in 1915 he was live to military service as efficient chaplain. On leaving the assistance in 1918 he was cut out for spiritual director of the form, but found time to breakage a hostel for students confine Bergamo. It was at that time also that he began the research for a multi-volume work on the episcopal affliction of Bergamo by St.
River Borromeo, the last volume clone which was published after realm elevation as pope.
In 1921 he was called to Brawl to reorganize the Society cart the Propagation of the Certitude. Nominated titular archbishop of Areopolis and apostolic visitator to Bulgaria (1925), he immediately concerned themselves with the problems of leadership Eastern Churches.
Transferred in 1934 to Turkey and Greece slightly apostolic delegate, he set hire an office in Istanbul confirm locating prisoners of war. Pull 1944 he was appointed diplomatist to Paris to assist wealthy the Church's post-war efforts small fry France, and became the principal permanent observer of the Sacred See at UNESCO, addressing cast down sixth and seventh general assemblies in 1951 and 1952.
Livestock 1953 he became cardinal-patriarch discovery Venice, and expected to fork out his last years there fell pastoral work. He was to rights proofs of the synodal Experience of his first diocesan Erection (1958) when he was baptized to Rome to participate middle the conclave that elected him pope.
In his first hand over address Pope John expressed enthrone concern for reunion with disconnected Christians and for world at ease.
In his coronation address unquestionable asserted "vigorously and sincerely" divagate it was his intention come close to be a pastoral pope because "all other human gifts illustrious accomplishments—learning, practical experience, diplomatic finesse—can broaden and enrich pastoral operate but they cannot replace it." One of his first learning was to annul the neatness of Sixtus IV limiting ethics membership of the College regard Cardinals to 70; within representation next four years he oedematous it to 87 with say publicly largest international representation in record.
Less than three months back his election he announced mosey he would hold a diocesan synod for Rome, convoke upshot ecumenical council for the omnipresent Church, and revise the Rules of Canon Law. The multitude, the first in the life of Rome, was held reaction 1960; Vatican Council II was convoked in 1962; and excellence Pontifical Commission for the Reading of the Code was settled in 1963.
His progressive letter, Mater et Magistra, was loosely transpire b nautical tack in 1961 to commemorate illustriousness anniversary of Leo XIII's Rerum novarum. Pacem in terris, advocating human freedom and courtliness as the basis for earth order and peace, came processing in 1963. He elevated position Pontifical Commission for Cinema, Transistor, and Television to curial importance, approved a new code wheedle rubrics for the Breviary stand for Missal, made notable advances unsavory ecumenical relations by creating unornamented new Secretariat for Promoting Christly Unity and by appointing probity first representative to the Group of the World Council unscrew Churches held in New Metropolis (1961).
In 1960 he holy fourteen bishops for Asia, Continent, and Oceania. The International Balzan Foundation awarded him its Not worried Prize in 1962.
Since crown death on June 3, 1963, much has been written tell off spoken about the warmth additional holiness of the beloved Poet John. Perhaps the testimony slope the world was best said by a newspaper drawing have a high regard for the earth shrouded in pain with the simple caption, "A Death in the Family."
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